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Dutch Anti Amalgam
Foundation Stichting Amalgaamvrij Nederland
IAOMT-protocol
for removal of amalgam fillings
March 2001
Facts about mercury and Dental Amalgam with Medical
Study Reverences
Bernard Windham, Editor- Chemical Engineer 12164 Whitehouse Road
Tallahassee, FL,32311 850-878-9024
I. Introduction
II. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury
III. Systemic Mercury Intake Levels from Amalgam Filling Exposure
IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease
V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings
VI. Documented Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings
VII. Tests for Mercury Level and Toxicity and Treatments
VIII. Health Effects from Dental Staff Exposure to Mercury
IX. Scientific Panel and Government Bodies That Have Found Amalgam Fillings Unsafe
I.
Toxic metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. have been documented
to be neurotoxic, immunotoxic, reproductive/developmental toxins that according
to U.S. Government agencies cause adverse health effects and learning disabilities
to millions in the U.S. each year, especially children and the elderly(105,160).
Exposure of humans and animals to toxic metals such as mercury, cadmium,
lead, copper, aluminum, arsenic, chromium, manganese, etc. is widespread
and in many areas increasing. . The U.S. Center for Disease Control(276)
ranks toxic metals as the number one environmental health threat to children.
According to an EPA/ATSDR assessment, the toxic metals mercury, lead, arsenic,
and cadmium are all ranked in the top 7 toxics having the most adverse
health effects on the public based on toxicity and current exposure levels
in the U.S., with nickel and chromium also highly listed. While there are
large numbers of neurological and immune conditions among adults, the incidence
of neurotoxic or immune reactive conditions in infants such as autism,
schizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia, learning disabilities, etc. have been increasing
especially rapidly in recent years(2,276,409,441). A recent report by the
National Research Council found that 50% of all pregnancies in the U.S.
are now resulting in prenatal or postnatal mortality, significant birth
defects, or otherwise chronically unhealthy babies(441). Exposure to toxic
chemicals or environmental factors appear to be a factor in as much as
28 percent of the 4 million children born each year(441), with 1 in 6 having
one of the neurological conditions previously listed. EPA estimates that
over 3 million of these are related to lead or mercury toxicity(2,276,409).
While there is considerable commonality to the health effects commonly
caused by these toxic metals, and effects are cumulative and synergistic
in many cases, this paper will concentrate on the health effects of elemental
mercury from amalgam fillings. Studies have found considerable genetic
variability in susceptibility to toxic metals as well. The public appears
to be generally unaware that considerable scientific evidence supports
that mercury is the metal causing the most widespread adverse health effects
to the public, and amalgam fillings have been well documented to be the
number one source of exposure of mercury to most people, with exposure
levels often exceeding Government health guidelines and levels documented
to cause adverse health effects.
II. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury
1. Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury, as well as other toxic
metals such as tin,copper,nickel, palladium, etc. The average filling has
1 gram of mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury's
low vapor pressure along with loss due to galvanic action of mercury with
dissimilar metals in the mouth (182,192,292,348,349), resulting in significant
exposure for most with amalgam fillings(see Section III). Mercury vapor
is transmitted rapidly throughout the body, easily crosses cell membranes,
and like organic methyl mercury has significant toxic effects at much lower
levels of exposure than other inorganic mercury forms(38,281,287,304,329).
According to the U.S. EPA & ATSDR, mercury is among the top 3 toxic
substances adversely affecting large numbers of people(217), and amalgam
is the number one source of exposure for most people(see III).
2. Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals. Mercury (vapor) is
carried by the blood to cells in all organs of the body where it:
(a) is cytotoxic(kills cells) (2,21,27,36,56,147,148,150,160,210,259,295,333/333)
(b) penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier(311), resulting
in accumulation of mercury and other toxic substances in the brain(14,20,25,85,
99,175,273,301/262,274); also accumulates in the motor function
areas of the brain and CNS(48,291,327,329).
© is neurotoxic(kills brain and nerve cells): damages brain cells
and nerve cells (19,27,34,36,43,69,70,147, 148,175,207,211,273, 291,295,327,329,301,303,395/39,262,274,303);
generates high levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and oxidative stress,
depletes glutathione and thiols causing increased neurotoxicity from interactions
of ROS, glutamate, and dopamine(13,56,98,102,126,145,169,170,184,213,219,250,257,
259,286,290,291,302,324,326,329,424,442); kills or inhibits production
of brain tubulin cells (66,67,161,166, 207,300); inhibits production of
neurotransmitters by inhibiting: calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release(372,432),
dihydroteridine reductase(27,122,257,333), nitric oxide synthase(259),
blocking neurotransmitter amino acids(412), and effecting phenylalanine,
serotonin, tyrosine and tryptophan transport to neurons (34,122,126,257,285,
288,333,372,374,412/255,333)
(d) is immunotoxic(damages and inhibits immune T-cells, B-cells, neutrophil
function, etc.) (17,27,31,38,44,45,46,60,127,128,129,130,152,155,165,181,226,252,270,285,316,355/272)
and induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune disease(38,43,45,59,60,118,131,181,234,269,270,313,314,334,342,343,35)
(e) is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys) (14,20,203,223,254,260,268,334,438)
(f) is endocrine system-disrupting chemical(accumulates in pituitary
gland and damages or inhibits pituitary glands hormonal functions at very
low levels(9,19,20,25,85,99,105,273,312,327,348,369/274), adrenal gland
function(84,369,381), thyroid gland function(50,212,369,382,459,35), and
disrupts enzyme production processes at very low levels of exposure (9,13,33,35,56,111,194,348,355,410-412)
(g) exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury) causes rapid transmittal
through the placenta to the fetus (20,22-24,27,38,39,61,112,186,281,287,304,311,338,339,348,361,366,20/4,22,37,39,41,42)
and significant developmental effects-much more damage to the fetus than
for maternal exposure to inorganic mercury and at lower exposure levels
than for for organic mercury(287,304,etc.).
(h) reproductive and developmental toxin (2,4,9,10,22,23,24,31,37,38,41,61,105,149,160,275,276,281,305,
338,361,367,381,20/4,39,55,149,162,255,308,339,357); damages DNA(296,327,272,392,142,38,41,42,35)
and inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis(114,35/149); damages sperm, lowers
sperm counts and reduces motility. (4,37,104.105,159,160,35/4,55,162);
causes menstrual disturbances (9,27,146); reduces bloods ability to transport
oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including amino acids,
glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit B12(43,96,198,263,264,338,339,347,427);
depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in fetus, causes reduced
iodine uptake & hypothyroidism(50,91,212,222,369,382,459, 35) &
learning deficits; causes learning disabilities and impairment, and reduction
in IQ (1,3,38,110,160,285c,263,264/39), causes infertility (4,9,10,24,38,121,146,357,365,367/4,10,55,162),
causes birth defects (23,35,37,38,110,142,241,338c/241).
(i) prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth
factor in the brain,impairs astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in
development of brain(38,119,131,161,175,194,305,458/175,255,39)
(j) causes cardiovascular damage and disease: including damage to vascular
endothelial cells, damage to sarcoplasmic reticula, sarcolemma, and contractile
proteins, increased white cell count, decreased oxyhemoglobin level, high
blood pressure, tachycardia, inhibits cytochrome P450/heme synthesis(84,35),
and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (35,59,202,205,212,232,306,310,351/201,308).
(k) causes immune system damage resulting in allergies, asthma, lupus,chronic
fatigue syndrome(CFS),and multiple sensitivities(MCS) (8,17,26,35,45,46,52,60,75,86,87,90,95,97,101,128,129,131,132,154,156,168,
181,212, 226, 228,230,234,265,267,296,313,342,375,388,445,446/272) and
neutrophil functional impairment(285,404/59,etc.).
(l) causes interruption of the cytochromeC oxidase system/ATP energy
function(43,84,232,338c,35) and blocks enzymes needed to convert porphyrins
to adenosine tri phosphate(ATP) causing progressive porphyrinuria, resulting
in low energy, digestive problems, and porphyrins in urine (34,35,69,70,73,210,212,226,232,260)
(m) inhibition of immune system facilitates increased damage by bacterial,
viral, and fungal infections (17,45,59,129,131,251,296,350,40), and increased
antibiotic resistance(116,117,161,258,389,53).
(n) mercury causes significant destruction of stomach and intestine
epithelial cells, resulting in damage to stomach lining which along with
mercury's ability to bind to SH hydroxyl radical in cell membranes alters
permeability(338,35) and adversely alters bacterial populations in the
intestines causing leaky gut syndrome with toxic, incompletely digested
complexes in the blood(222,228b,35) and accumulation of heliobacter pylori,
a suspected major factor in stomach ulcers and stomach cancer(256) and
candida albicans, as well as poor nutrient absorption.
(o) forming strong bonds with and modification of the-SH groups of
proteins causes mitochondrial release of calcium (1,21,35,38,43,329,333,432),as
well as altering molecular function of amino acids and damaging enzymatic
process(33,96,111,194,252,338,410-412) resulting in improper cysteine regulation(194),
inhibited glucose transfer(338,254), damaged sulfur oxidation processes(33,338),
and reduced glutathione availability (necessary for detoxification)(13,126,54).
3. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting
chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, enzyme production processes, and many hormonal functions
at very low levels of exposure . Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly
crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary
gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number
and extent of dental amalgam surfaces (1,14,16,19,20,25,34,38,61,85,99,162,211,273,274,287,
327,348,360,366,369) Thus mercury has a greater effect on the functions
of these areas. The pituitary gland controls many of the body's endocrine
system functions and secretes hormones that control most bodily processes,
including the immune system and reproductive systems . One study found
mercury levels in the pituitary gland ranged from 6.3 to 77 ppb(85), while
another(348) found the mean level to be 30ppb- levels found to be neurotoxic
and cytotoxic in animal studies.
Mercury blocks thyroid hormone production by occupying iodine binding
sites and inhibiting hormone action even when the measured thyroid level
appears to be in proper range(35). The thyroid and hypothalamus regulate
body temperature and many metabolic processes including enzymatic processes
that when inhibited result in higher dental decay(35) . Mercury damage
thus commonly results in poor bodily temperature control, in addition to
many problems caused by hormonal imbalances such as depression. Such hormonal
secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much lower than the
acute toxicity effects normally tested, as previously confirmed by hormonal/reproductive
problems in animal populations(104,381). Mercury also damages the blood
brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals
and substances(311).
4. Mercury's biochemical damage at the cellular level include DNA damage,
inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis(4,38,41,42,114,142,197,272,296,392/149);
alteration of protein structure(33,111,114,194,252/114); alteration of
the transport of calcium(333,43,96,254,329,432); inhibitation of glucose
transport(338,254), and of enzyme function and other essential nutrients(96,198,254,263,264,338,339,347,410-412);
induction of free radical formation(13,54), depletion of cellular gluthathione(necessary
for detoxification processes) (111,126), inhibition of glutathione peroxidase
enzyme(13), endothelial cell damage(202), abnormal migration of neurons
in the cerebral cortex(149), and immune system damage (34,38,111,194, 226,252,272,316,325,355).
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species(ROS) have been implicated
as major factors in neurological disorders including stroke, PD, Alzheimer's,
ALS, etc.(13,56,84,98,145,169,207b,424,442,453). Mercury induced lipid
peroxidation has been found to be a major factor in mercury's neurotoxicity,
along with leading to decreased levels of glutathione peroxidation and
superoxide dismustase(SOD)(13). Only a few micrograms of mercury severely
disturb cellular function and inhibit nerve growth(175,147,175,226,255,305).
Exposure to mercury results in metalloprotein compounds that have genetic
effects, having both structural and catalytic effects on gene expression(114,241,296).
Some of the processes affected by such metalloprotein control of genes
include cellular respiration, metabolism, enzymatic processes, metal-specific
homeostasis, and adrenal stress response systems. Significant psysiological
changes occur when metal ion concentrations exceed threshold levels. Such
metalloprotein formation also appears to have a relation to autoimmune
reactions in significant numbers of people(114,60,313,342,368,369). Of
a population of over 3000 tested by the immune lymphocyte reactivity test(MELISA,60,275),
22% tested positive for inorganic mercury and 8% for methyl mercury .
A direct mechinism involving mercury's inhibition of cellular enzymatic
processes by binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears
to be a major part of the connection to allergic/immune reactive conditions
such as autism(408-414,439,33,160), schizophrenia(409,410), lupus(113,234,330,331),
eczema and psoriasis(323,375,385,419,455,33), and allergies(26,46,60,95,132,152,156,271,313,330,331,445,446).
For example mercury has been found to strongly inhibit the activity of
dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which is required in the digestion of the milk
protein cassein(411,412) as well as of xanthine oxidase(439). Studies involving
a large sample of autistic and schizophrenic patients found that over 90
% of those tested had high levels of the milk protein beta-casomorphin-7
in their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes for digesting
milk protein(410). Elimination of milk products from the diet has been
found to improve the condition. Such populations have also been found to
have high levels of mercury and to recover after mercury detox(413,60,313).
As mercury levels are reduced the protein binding is reduced and improvement
in the enzymatic process occurs. Additional cellular level enzymatic effects
of mercury's binding with proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation
processes(33,114,412), enzymatic processes involving vitimins B6 and B12(418),
effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes (43,84,232,338c,35), along
with mercury's adverse effects on cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium,
zinc, and lithium(43,96,119,198,333,386,427,432, 38). And along with these
blockages of cellular enzymatic processes, mercury has been found to cause
additional neurological and immune system effects in many through immune/autoimmune
reactions (60,313,314).
But the effect on the immune system of exposure to various toxic substances
such as toxic metals and environmental pollutants has also been found to
have additive or synergistic effects and to be a factor in increasing eczema,
allergies, asthma, and sensitivity to other lesser allergens. Most of the
children tested for toxic exposures have found high or reactive levels
of other toxic metals, and organochlorine compounds(413,313,415). Much
mercury in saliva and the brain is also organic (220,272), since mouth
bacteria and other organisms in the body methylate inorganic mercury to
organic mercury(51, 81,225). Bacteria also oxidize mercury vapor to the
water soluble, ionic form Hg(II) (431).
5. Because of the extreme toxicity of mercury, only ½ gram is
required to contaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning
would be issued by the government to not eat the fish(151,160). Over half
the rivers and lakes in Florida have such health warnings(160). Some Florida
panthers that eat birds and animals that eat fish containing very low levels
of mercury(about 1 part per million) have died from chronic mercury poisoning(104,160).
Since mercury is an estrogenic chemical and reproductive toxin, the majority
of the rest cannot reproduce. The average male Florida panther has higher
estrogen levels than females, due to the estrogenic properties of mercury(105,160).
Similar is true of some other animals at the top of the food chain like
alligators, which are affected by mercury and other hormone disrupting
chemicals..
6. Mercury accumulates in the pituitary glands, ovaries, testes, and
prostrate gland(35,99,9 19,20,25,85,273).
In addition to having estrogenic effects, mercury has other documented
hormonal effects including effects on the reproductive system resulting
in lowered sperm counts, defective sperm cells, damaged DNA, aberrant chromasome
numbers rather than the normal 46, chromasome breaks, and lowered testosterone
levels in males; menstrual disturbances and infertility in women; and increased
neurological problems related to lowered levels of neurotransmitters dopamine,
serotonin, and noreprenephrine (4,9,35,38,104,105,107,140,141,275,276,288,
290,296,365,367,372,381,432,412). Some of the effect on depression is related
to mercury's effect of reducing the level of posterior pituitary hormone(oxytocin).
The pituitary glands of a group of dentists had 800 times more mercury
than controls(99). This may explain why dentists have much higher levels
of emotional problems, depression, suicide,etc(Section VIII.). Low levels
of pituitary function are associated with depression and suicidal thoughts,
and appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other vulnerable
groups. Amalgam fillings, nickel and gold crowns are major factors in reducing
pituitary function(35,50,369,etc.). Supplentary oxytocin extract has been
found to alleviate many of these mood problems(35), along with replacement
of metals in the mouth(Section VI.). The normalization of pituitary function
also often normalizes menstrual cycle problems, endometriosis, and increases
fertility(35,9).
7. An average amalgam filling contains over ½ gram of mercury,
and the average adult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings(unless
most has vaporized). Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low vapor
pressure and being subject to galvanic action with other metals in an oral
environment(182,192,292,348,349),so that within 10 years up to half has
been found to have been transferred to the body of the host(34,35,182,
& section III).
8. Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly transmitted throughout the
body than most other forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects on
the CNS and other parts of the body than inorganic mercury due to its much
greater capacity to cross cell membranes, according to the World Health
Organization and other studies (38,183, 282,287,360,section III). Mercury
vapor rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier(14,85,311) and placenta of
pregnant women (20,22-24,27,38,105,162,186,231,281,287,304,308, 311,361)
Developmental, learning, and behavioral effects have been found from mercury
vapor at much lower levels than for exposure to methyl mercury(287,304).
Similarly for inhibition of some essential cellular processes(333,338,329).
9. Running shoes with ½ gram of mercury in the heels were banned
by several states, because the amount of mercury was considered dangerous
to public health and created a serious disposal problem. Mercury from dental
offices and human waste from people with amalgam fillings has much higher
levels and is a major source of mercury in Florida waters. One study found
dental offices discharge into waste water between 65 and 842 milligrams
per dentist per day(231), amounting to several hundred grams per year per
office. This is in addition to air emissions. Additionally cremation of
those with amalgam fillings adds to air emissions and deposition onto land
and lakes. A study in Switzerland found that in that small country, cremation
released over 65 kilograms of mercury per year as emissions, often exceeding
site air mercury standards(420), while another Swiss study found mercury
levels during cremation of a person with amalgam fillings as high as 200
micrograms per cubic meter(considerably higher than U.S. mercury standards).
The amount of mercury in the mouth of a person with fillings was on average
2.5 grams, enough to contaminate 5 ten acre lakes to the extent there would
be dangerous levels in fish(151). A Japanese study estimated mercury emissions
from a small crematorium there as 26 grams per day(421). A study in Sweden
found significant occupational and environmental exposures at cremetoria,
and since the requirement to install selenium filters mercury emission
levels in crematoria have been reduced 85%(422).
10. Studies have found that levels of exposure to the toxic metals mercury,
cadmium, and lead have major effects on classroom behavior, learning ability,
and also in mental patients and criminals behavior(3,160).
Studies have found that both genetic susceptability and environmental
exposures are a factor in xenobiotic related effects and disease propagation.
Large numbers of animal studies have documented that genetically susceptable
strains are more affected by xenobiotic exposures than less susceptable
strains (234,336,425,526,etc.). Some genetic types are susceptable to mercury
induced autoimmunity and some are resistant and thus much less affected(234,336,425,383).
Studies found that mercury causes or accelerates various systemic conditions
in a strain dependent manner, and that lower levels of exposure adversely
affect some strains but not others, including inducing of autoimmunity.
Also when a condition has been initiated and exposure levels decline, autoimmune
antibodies also decline in animals or humans(233,234c,60,368,405). One
genetic factor in Hg induced autoimmunity is major histocompatibility complex(MHC)
linked. Both immune cell type Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses are involved
in autoimmunity(425c). One genetic difference found in animals and humans
is cellular retention differences for metals related to the ability to
excrete mercury(426). For example it has been found that individuals with
genetic blood factor type APOE-4 do not excrete mercury readily and bioaccumulate
mercury, resulting in susceptability to chronic autoimmune conditions such
as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons, etc. as early as age 40, whereas those with
type APOE-2 readily excrete mercury and are less susceptable. Those with
type APOE-3 are intermediate to the other 2 types(437,35). The incidence
of autoimmune condtions have increased to the extent this is now one of
the leading causes of death among women(450).
11. Long term occupational exposure to low levels of mercury can induce
slight cognitive deficits, lability, fatigue, decreased stress tolerance,
etc. Higher levels have been found to cause more serious neurological problems
(119,128,160,285,457,etc.). Occupational exposure studies have found mercury
impairs the body's ability to kill Candida albicans by impairment of the
lytic activity of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase in workers whose mercury
excretion levels are withing current safety limits(285,404). Such levels
of mercury exposure were also found to inhibit cellular respiratory burst.
A population of plant workers with average mercury excretion of 20 ug/
g creatinine was found to have long lasting impairment of neutrophil function(285,404).
Another study(59) found such impairment of neutraphils decreases the body's
ability to combat viruses such as those that cause heart damage, resulting
in more inflamatory damage. Another group of workers with average excretion
rates of 24.7 ug/ g creatinine had long lasting increases in humoral immunological
stimulation of IgG, IgA, and IgM levels. Other studies(285b,g,395) found
that workers exposed at high levels at least 20 years previous(urine peak
levels above 600 ug/L demonstrated significantly decreased strength, decreased
coordination, increased tremor, decreased sensation, polyneuropathy, etc.
Significant correlations between increasing urine mercury concentrations
and prolonged motor and sensory distal latencies were established(285g).
Elemental mercury can affect both motor and sensory peripheral nerve conduction
and the degree of involvement is related to time-integrated urine mercury
concentrations. Thirty percent of dentists with more than average exposure
were found to have neuropathies and visuogrphic dysfunction(395).
Another study found that many of the symptoms and signs of chronic
candidiasis, multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndromes
are identical to those of chronic mercurialism and remit after removal
of amalgam combined with appropriate supplementation and gave evidence
to implicate amalgam as the only underlying etiologic factor that is common
to all(404).
Other studies(285c) found that mercury at levels below the current occupational
safety limit causes adverse effects on mood, personality, and memory- with
effects on memory at very low exposure levels.
More studies found that long term exposure causes increased micronuclei
in lymphocytes and significantly increased IgE levels at exposures below
current safety levels(128), as well as maternal exposure being linked to
mental retardation(110) and birth defects(23,35,37,38,142,241,361,338c/241).
III. Systemic Mercury Intake Level from Amalgam Fillings
1. The tolerable daily exposure level for mercury developed in a report
for Health Canada is .014 micrograms/kilogram body weight(ug/kg) or approximately
1 ug/day for average adult(217). The U.S. EPA Health Standard for elemental
mercury exposure(vapor) is 0.3 micrograms per cubic meter of air(2). The
U.S. ATSDR health standard(MRL) for mercury vapor is 0.2 ug/ M3 of air,
and the MRL for methyl mercury is 0.3 ug/kg body weight/day(217). For the
average adult breathing 20 M3 of air per day, this amounts to an exposure
of 4 or 6 ug/day for the 2 elemental mercury standards. The EPA health
guideline for methyl mercury is 0.1 ug/kg body weight per day or 7 ug for
the average adult(2), or approx. 14 ug for the ATSDR acute oral toxicicity
standard. Since mercury is methylized in the body, some of both types are
present in the body. The older World Health Organization(183) mercury health
guideline(PTWI) is 300 ug per week total exposure or approx. 42 ug/day.
2. Mercury in the presence of other metals in the oral environment undergoes
galvanic action, causing movement out of amalgam and into the oral mucosa
and saliva(174,192,436,179,199). Mercury in solid form is not stable due
to low vapor pressure and evaporates continuously from amalgam fillings
in the mouth, being transferred over a period of time to the host(15-19,26,31,36,79,83,211,182,183,199,298,299,303,332,335,371).
The daily total exposure of mercury from fillings is from 3 to 1000 micrograms
per day, with the average exposure being above 10 micrograms per day and
the average uptake over 5 ug/day (183,199,209,18,19,77,83, 85,100,335,352,371,etc.).
(see further details continued)
A large study was carried out at the Univ. Of Tubingen Health Clinic
in which the level of mercury in saliva of 20,000 persons with amalgam
fillings was measured(199). The level of mercury in unstimulated saliva
was found to average 11.6 ug Hg/L, with the average after chewing being
3 times this level. Several were found to have mercury levels over 1100
ug/L, 1 % had unstimulated levels over 200 ug/L, and 10 % had unstimulated
mercury saliva levels of over 100 ug/L.. The level of mercury in saliva
has been found to be proportional to the number of amalgam fillings, and
generally was higher for those with more fillings. The following table
gives the average daily mercury exposure from saliva alone for those tested,
based on the average levels found per number of fillings and using daily
saliva volumes of 890 ml for unstimulated saliva flow and 80 ml for stimulated
flow (estimated from measurements made in the study and comparisons to
other studies). It also gives the 84th percentile mercury exposure from
saliva for the 20,000 tested by number of fillings. Note that 16% of all
of those tested with 4 amalgam fillings had daily exposure from their amalgam
fillings of over 17 ug per day, and even more so for those with more than
4 fillings.
Table: Average daily mercury exposure in saliva by number of amalgam
fillings(199)
Number of fillings |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
Av. Daily Hg(ug) |
6.5 |
8 |
9.5 |
11 |
12.4 |
14 |
15.4 |
16.9 |
18.3 |
19.8 |
21.3 |
22.8 |
24.3 |
84th percentile(ug) |
17 |
23.5 |
26 |
30.5 |
35 |
41.5 |
43.8 |
48.6 |
50.3 |
46.7 |
56.6 |
61.4 |
64.5 |
Saliva tests for mercury are commonly performed in Europe, and many
other studies have been carried out with generally comparable results(292,315,79,9b,335,179,317,352).
Another large German study(352) found significantly higher levels than
the study summarized here, with some with exposure levels over 1000 ug/day.
Three studies that looked at a population with more than 12 fillings
found generally higher levels than this study, with average mercury level
in unstimulated saliva of 29 ug/L(18), 32.7 ug/L (292c), and 175 ug/day(352).
The average for those with 4 or less fillings was 8 ug/L(18). While it
will be seen that there is a significant correlation between exposure levels
and number of amalgam surfaces and exposure generally increases as number
of fillings increases, there is considerable variability for a given number
of fillings. Some of the factors that will be seen to influence this variability
include composition of the amalgam, whether person chews gum or drinks
hot liquids, bruxism, oral environmental factors such as acidity, type
of tooth patse used, etc. Chewing gum or drinking hot liquids can result
in 10 to 100 times normal levels of mercury exposue from amalgams during
that period(15,35).
The Tubingen study did not assess the significant exposure route of
intraoral air and lungs. One study that looked at this estimated a daily
average burden of 20 ug from ionized mercury from amalgam fillings absorbed
through the lungs(191), while a Norwegian study found the average level
in oral air to be 0.8 ug/M3(176). Another study at a Swedish University(335)
measured intraoral air mercury levels from fillings of from 20 to 125 ug
per day, for persons with from 18 to 82 filling surfaces. Another study
found similar results(83), and some individuals have been found to have
intraoral air mercury levels above 400 ug/ M3 (319). Most of those whose
intraoral air mercury levels were measured exceeded Gov't health guidelines
for workplace exposure(2).
The studies also determined that the number of fillings is the most
important factor related to mercury level, with age of filling being much
less significant(319b). Different filling composition/manufacturer can
also make a difference in exposure levels( as will be further discussed).
The authors of the Tubingen study calculated that based on the test results
with estimates of mercury from food and oral air included, over 40 % of
those tested in the study received daily mercury exposure higher than the
WHO standard(PTWI). As can be seen most people with several fillings have
daily exposure exceeding the Health Canada TDE and the U.S. EPA and ATSDR
health guideline for mercury(2,209,199,etc.), and many tested in past studies
have exceeded the older and higher WHO guideline for mercury(183), without
consideration of exposure from food, etc..
3. The main exposure paths for mercury from amalgam fillings are absorption
by the lungs from intraoral air; vapor absorbed by saliva or swallowed;
amalgam particles swallowed; and membrane, olfactory, venous, and neural
path transfer of mercury absorbed by oral mucosa, gums, etc.
(6,17,18,31,34,77,79,83,94,133,174,182,209,211,216,222,319,335,348,364,436)
A study at Stockholm Univ.(335) made an effort to determine the respective
parts in exposure made by these paths. It found that the majority of excretion
is through feces, and that the majority of mercury exposure was from elemental
vapor. Daily exposure from intraoral air ranged from 20 to 125 ug of mercury
vapor, for subjects with number of filling surfaces ranging from 18 to
82. Daily excretion through feces amounted to from 30 to 190 ug of mercury,
being more variable than other paths. Other studies had similar findings(6,15,16,18,19,25,31,36,77,79,80,83,115,
196,386.) Most with several amalgams had daily fecal excretion levels over
50 ug/day.
The feces mercury was essentially all inorganic with particles making
up at most 25%, and the majority being mercury sulfuhydryl compounds- likely
originating as vapor. Their study and others reviewed found that at least
80% of mercury vapor reaching the lungs is absorbed and enters the blood
from which it is taken to all other parts of the body(335,348,349,363).
Elemental mercury swallowed in saliva can be absorbed in the digestive
tract by the blood or bound in sulfhydryl compounds and excreted through
the feces. A review determined that approx.20 % of swallowed mercury sulfhydryl
compounds are absorbed in the digestive tract, but approx 60% of swallowed
mercury vapor is absorbed(292,335,348). At least 80% of particle mercury
is excreted. Approx. 80% of swallowed methyl mercury is absorbed(335,199,etc.)e,
with most of the rest being converted to inorganic forms apparently. The
primary detoxification/excretion pathway for mercury absorbed by the body
is as mercury-glutathione compounds through the liver/bile loop to feces(111,252),
but some mercury is also excreted though the kidneys in urine and in sweat.
The range of mercury excreted in urine per day by those with amalgams is
usually less than 15 ug(6,49,83,138,174,335,etc.), but some patients are
much higher(93). A large NIDH study of the U.S. military population(49)
with an average of 19.9 amalgam surfaces and range of 0 to 60 surfaces
found the average urine level was 3.1 ug/L, with 93% being inorganic mercury.
The average in those with amalgam was 4.5 times that of controls and more
than the U.S. EPA maximum limit for mercury in drinking water(218). The
avergage level of those with over 49 surfaces was over 8 times that of
controls. The same study found that the average blood level was 2.55 ug/L,
with 79 % being organic mercuy. The total mercury level had a significant
correlation to the number of amalgam fillings, with fillings appearing
to be reponsible for over 75% of total mercury. From the study results
it was found that each 10 amalgam surfaces increased urine mercury by approx.
1 ug/L. A study of mercury species found blood mercury was 89% organic
and urine mercury was 87% inorganic(349b), whicle another study(363) found
on average 77% of the mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic. In
a population of women tested In the Middle East(254), the number of fillings
was highly correlated with the mercury level in urine, mean= 7 ug/L. Nutrient
transport and renal function were also found to be adversely affected by
higher levels of mercury in the urine.
As is known from autopsy studies for those with chronic exposure such
as amalgam fillings (1,14,17,20,31,34, 85,94), mercury also bioaccumulates
in the brain/CNS(301,273,274,327,329,348,18,19,85),liver, kidneys(85,273),
(14,85)heart(59,205,348)), and oral mucosa(174,192,436) with the half life
in the brain being over 20 years. Elemental mercury vapor is transmitted
throughout the body via the blood and readily enters cells and crosses
the blood-brain barrier, and the placenta of pregnant women(38,61,287,311,361),
at much higher levels than inorganic mercury and also higher levels than
organic mercury. Significant levels are able to cross the blood brain barrier,
placenta, and also cellular membranes into major organs such as the heart
since the oxidation rate of Hg0 though relatively fast is slower than the
time required by pumped blood to reach these organs(290,370). Thus the
level in the brain and heart is higher after exposure to Hg vapor than
for other forms(360,370). While mercury vapor and methyl Hg readily cross
cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier, once in cells they form inorganic
mercury that does not readily cross cell membranes or the blood brain barrier
readily and is responsible for the majority of toxicity effects. Thus inorganic
mercury in the brain has a very long half life(85,273,274,etc.).
4. The average amalgam filling has approximately 0.5 grams(500,000 ug)
of mercury. As much as 50% of mercury in fillings has been found to have
vaporized after 5 years and 80% by 20 years(182,204). Mercury vapor from
amalgam is the single largest source of systemic mercury intake for persons
with amalgam fillings, ranging from 50 to 90 % of total exposure.
(14,16,17,19,36,57,61,77-83,94,129,130,138,161,167,183, 191, 196,211,216,273,292,303,332,),
averaging about 80% of total systemic intake. After filling replacement
levels of mercury in the blood, urine, and feces typically temporarily
are increased for a few days, but levels usually decline in blood and urine
within 6 months to from 60 to 85% of the original levels(57,79,82,89,196,303).
Mercury levels in saliva and feces usually decline between 80 to 95% (79,196,335,386)
5. Having dissimilar metals in the teeth(e.g.-gold and mercury) causes
galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapor levels
and levels in tissues. (182,192,292,348,349,390,19,25,27,29,30,35,47,48,100)
Average mercury levels in gum tissue near amalgam fillings are about 200
ppm, and are the result of flow of mercury into the mucous membrane because
of galvanic currents with the mucous membrane serving as cathode and amalgam
as cathode(192). Average mercury levels are often 1000 ppm near a gold
cap on an amalgam filling due to higher currents when gold is in contact
with amalgam (30,25,35,48). These levels are among the highest levels ever
measured in tissues of living organisms, exceeding the highest levels found
in chronically exposed chloralkali workers, those who died in Minamata,
or animals that died from mercury poisoning. German oral surgeons have
found levels in the jaw bone under large amalgam fillings or gold crowns
over amalgam as high as 5760 ppm with an average of 800 ppm(436). These
levels are much higher than the FDA/EPA action level for prohibiting use
of food with over 1 ppm mercury. Likewise the level is tremendously over
the U.S. Dept. Of Health/EPA drinking water limit for mercury which is
2 parts per billion(218). Amalgam manufacturers, Government health agencies
such as Health Canada,dental school texts, and dental materials researchers
advise against having amalgam in the mouth with other metals such as gold(446,35),
but many dentists ignore the warnings.
Concentrations of mercury in oral mucosa for a population of patients
with 6 or more amalgam fillings taken during oral surgery were 20 times
the level of controls(174). Studies have shown mercury travels from amalgam
into dentin, root tips, and the gums, with levels in roots tips as high
as 41 ppm(192). Studies have shown that mercury in the gums such as from
root caps for root canaled teeth result in chronic inflammation, in addtion
to migration to other parts of the body(200,47,35). Mercury and silver
from fillings can be seen in the tissues as amalgam "tatoos", which have
been found to accumulate in the oral mucosa as granules along collagen
bundles, blood vessels, nerve sheaths, elastic fibers, membranes, striated
muscle fibers, and acini of minor salivary glands. Dark granules are also
present intracellularly within macrophasges, multinucleated giant cells,
endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. There is in most cases chronic inflammatory
response or macrophagic reaction the the metals(47), usually in the form
of a foreingn body granuloma with multinucleated giant cells of the foreign
body and Langhans types(192).
The periodontal ligament of extracted teeth is often not fully removed
and results in incomplete jawbone regrowth resulting in a pocket where
mouth bacteria in anerobic conditions along with similar conditions in
the dead tooth produce extreme toxins similar to botulism which like mercury
are extremely toxic and disruptive to necessary body enzymatic processes
at the cellular level, comparable to the similar enzymatic disruptions
caused by mercury and previously discussed(35,437).
The component mix in amalgams has also been found to be an important
factor in mercury vapor emissions. The level of mercury and copper released
from high copper amalgam is as much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(191).
Studies have consistently found modern high copper non gamma-two amalgams
have a high negative current and much greater release of mercury vapor
than conventional silver amalgams and are more cytotoxic (35,298,299).
Clinics have found the increased toxicity and higher exposures to be factors
in increased incidence of chronic degenerative diseases(35,etc). While
the non gamma-two amalgams were developed to be less corrosive and less
prone to marginal fractures than conventional silver amalgams, they have
been found to be instable in a different mechanism when subjected to wear/polishing/
chewing/ brushing: they form droplets of mercury on the surface of the
amalgams(182,297). This has also been found to be a factor in the much
higher release of mercury vapor by the modern non gamma-two amalgams. Recent
studies have concluded that because the high mercury release levels of
modern amalgams, mercury poisoning from amalgam fillings is widespread
throughout the population"(95,199,238). Numerous other studies also support
this finding(Section IV).
Amalgam also releases significant amounts of silver, tin, and copper
which also have toxic effects, with organic tin compounds formed in the
body being even more neurotoxic than mercury(51,222,262).
6. The number of amalgam surfaces has a statistically significant correlation
to :
(a) blood plasma mercury level (17,22,23,49,79,89,133,211)(usually
not as strong as other measures)
(b) urine mercury level (38,49,57,76,77,79,82,83,134,138,167,176,254,303,332,335)
© oral air(16,18,100,176,335)
(d) saliva and oral mucosa(18,30,77,79,117,179,174,199,211,222,292,315,317)
(e) feces mercury (25,79,80,83,115,117,182,335,386)
(f) pituitary gland (19,20,25,85,99,273/274)
(g) brain occipital cortex (14,16,19,25,34,85,211,273,348,366/274)
(h) renal(kidney) cortex(14,16,19,20,85,254,273,348,366)
(I) liver(14,19,85,366)
(j) motor function areas of the brain & CNS: brain stem, cerebellum,
rhombencephalon, dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons (48,291,327,329,442,35.)
(k) fetal and infant liver/brain levels(61,112,186,231,22) related
to maternal fillings.
7. A person with amalgam fillings has daily systemic intake from mercury
vapor of between 3 and 70 micrograms of mercury, with the average being
at least 7 micrograms(ug) per day (18,77,83,85,93,138,183,199,211,292,315,335).
In a large German study, the median daily exposure for those with fillings
through saliva was approx. 10 ug/day, 4% of those with fillings had daily
exposure through saliva of over 80 ug/day, and 1% had over 160 ug/day(199).
The methods and results of the Tubingen study(199) were similar to those
of other German studies(292,315,9, 138, 317,335). Total intake is proportional
to the number and extent of amalgam surfaces, but other factors such as
chewing gum, drinking hot liquids, brushing or polishing, and using fluoride
toothpaste significantly increase the intake(15,18,28,31,100,134-137,182,183,199,209,211,
292,317,319,348,349,350). Vapor emissions range up to 200 ug/M3 (35) and
are much higher after chewing(15,137,319). After chewing, those with amalgams
had levels over 50 times higher than those without, and the average level
of exposure was 29 ug/day for those with at least 12 occlusal surfaces(18).
At least 30% of those having amalgam fillings tested in a large German
study had ingested mercury levels exceeding the WHO PTWI mercury standard
of 43 ug/day (199,183), and over 50% of those with 6 or more fillings had
daily exposures more than the U.S. EPA health guideline level(199) of 0.1
ug/kg body weight/day(199). The median daily exposure through saliva for
those with 10 or more fillings was over 10 times that of those with no
fillings(199,292,315,318). Mercury level in saliva has been found to give
much better indication of body levels than blood or urine levels(36). Most
people with fillings have daily exposure levels exceeding the U.S. ATSDR
and EPA health guideline levels (2,36,83,89,183,199,209,217,261,292,335,93)
8. The blood and urine mercury load of a person with amalgam fillings
is often 5 times that of a similar person without.(14,16,17,79,80,82,93,136,138,
303,315,317,318) The average blood level for one large population was 5
ug/l(176). Normal blood levels are less than 20 ppb, but health effects
have been observed in patients in the upper part of this range. A Swedish
study estimated the total amount mercury swallowed per day from intra-oral
vapor was 10 micrograms per day(177),and a large German study(199) found
median exposure through saliva alone for those with fillings to be about
10 ug/day, with many having several fillings with over 10 times that level.
Other studies have found similar amounts(18,83,211,183,209).
9. Teeth are living tissue and have massive communication with the rest
of the body via blood, lymph, and nerves. Mercury vapor (and bacteria in
teeth ) have paths to the rest of the body. (34,etc.) German studies of
mercury loss from vapor in unstimulated saliva found the saliva of those
with amalgams had at least 5 times as much mercury as for controls(138,199,292,315).
10. Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly crosses the blood brain
barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus,
and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of amalgam
surfaces.(14,19,20,25,34,38,85,99,273,274,287,348,366) Thus mercury has
a greater effect on the functions of these areas. The range in one study
was 2.4 to 28.7 ppb(85), and one study found on average that 77% of the
mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic(363).
11. Some mercury entering nasal passages is absorbed directly into the
olfactory lobe and brain without coming from blood(34,35,182,222,348,364).
Mercury also is transported along the axons of nerve fibres (5,25,34,35,327,329).
12. Mercury has a long half life in the body and over 20 years in the
brain, and chronic low level intake results in a slow accumulation in body
tissues. (20,34,35,38,85,etc.)
13. Methyl mercury is more toxic to some body processes than inorganic
mercury. Mercury from amalgam is methylated by bacteria, galvanic electric
currents(35), and candida albicans in the mouth and intestines(51,81,98,182,225).
Oral bacteria streptococommus mitior,S.mutans, and S.sanguis were all found
to methylate mercury(81). High levels of Vit B12 in the system also have
been found to result in increased methyl mercury concentrations in the
liver and brain(51). Methyl mercury is 10 times more potent in causing
genetic damage than any other known chemical (Ramel, in(35)), and also
crosses the blood-brain barrier readily. Once mercury vapor or methyl mercury
are converted to inorganic mercury in cells or the brain, the mercury does
not readily cross cell membranes or the blood-brain barrier. Thus mercury
has a very long half life in the brain. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been
found to be effective at increasing glutathione levels and chelating methyl
mercury(54,126).
14. The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus, new born, and young
children is directly proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in
the mother's mouth. (20,23,61,112,210,361) The level of mercury in umbilical
cord blood and placenta was higher than that in mother's blood(22,186).
The saliva and feces of children with amalgams have approximately 10 times
the level of mercury as children without(25,315,386), and much higher levels
in saliva after chewing. A group of German children with amalgam fillings
had urine mercury level 4 times that of a control group without amalgams(76),
and in a Norwegian group with average age 12 there was a significant correlation
between urine mercury level and number of amalgam fillings(167). The level
of mercury in maternal hair was significantly correlated to level of mercury
in nursing infants(279). One study found a 60% increase in average cord
blood mercury level between 1980 and 1990 in Japan(186).
16. The fetal mercury content after maternal inhalation of mercury vapor
was found to be higher than in the mother( 4,etc.) Mercury from amalgam
in the blood of pregnant women crosses the placenta and appears in amniotic
fluid and fetal blood, liver, and pituitary gland soon after placement
(20,22,23,31,36,61,162, 186,281,348,366). Dental amalgams are the main
source of mercury in breast milk(112,186,304,339,20). Milk increases the
bioavailability of mercury(112,304,391) and mercury is often stored in
breast milk and the fetus at much higher levels than that in the mother's
tissues (19,20,22,23,61,112,186,210, 287,304). The level of mercury in
breast milk was found to be significantly correlated with the number of
amalgam fillings(61), with milk from mothers with 7 or more fillings having
levels in milk approx. 10 times that of amalgam-free mothers. The milk
sampled ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 ug/L. Several authors suggest use of early
mother's milk as a screen for potenital problems since it is correlated
both to maternal and infant mercury levels. The highest level is in the
pituitary gland of the fetus which affects development of the endocrine
system. Levels for exposure to mercury vapor has been found to be approx
10 times that for maternal exposure to an equivalent dose of inorganic
mercury(281,287), and developmental behavioral effects from vapor have
been found at levels considerably below that required for similar effects
by methyl mercury (20,49,119c,264,287,304,338). The level of total mercury
in nursing infants was significantly correlated to total mercury level
in maternal hair(22,279).
17. There is a significant correlation between number of amalgam fillings
of the mother and the level of the fetus and older infants(20,22,23,61,304),
and also with the level in mother's milk (19,20,38,112, 304). Fertile women
should not be exposed to vapor levels above government health guidelines(38,61,182,282)
;the U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3 (2,217); or have amalgams
placed or removed during pregnancy(20,182,231,304,etc.).
IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease
1. Many thousands of people with symptoms of mercury toxicity have been
found in tests to have high levels of mercury, and many thousands who have
had amalgam fillings removed(most) have had health problems and symptoms
alleviated or greatly improved(see Section VI). From clinical experience
some of the symptoms of mercury sensitivity/mercury poisoning include chronic
fatigue, dizziness, frequent urination, insomnia, headaches, chronic skin
problems, metallic taste, gastrointestinal problems, asthma(8,97), stuffy
nose, drycrusts in nose, rhinitis, plugged ears, ringing ears, chest pain,
hyperventilation, diabetes(35), spacy feeling, chilly, chronic skin problems,
immune and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular problems and many types
of neurological problems (26,34,35,36,38,45,59,60,69,70,71,75,91,109,148,165,204,212,199,246,255,268-270,290,291,294,
313,343). Amalgam results is chronic exposure rather than acute exposure
and accumulation in body organs over time, so most health effects are of
the chronic rather than acute in nature, but serious health problems have
been documented to be related to amalgam and researchers have attributed
some deaths as due to amalgam (356,32,245).
2. Mercury vapor exposure at very low levels adversely affects the immune
system(17,27,31,38,45,60,84,118,129, 131,165,226,270,285,296,313,314,355368,369).
From animal studies it has been determined that mercury damages T-cells
by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS), depleting the thiol reserves
of cells, damaging and decreasing the dimension of mitochondria, causing
destruction of cytoplasmic organelles with loss of cell membrane integrity,
inhibiting ability to secrete interleukin IL-1 and IL-2R, causing activation
of glial cells to produce superoxide and nitric oxide, and inactivating
or inhibiting enzyme systems involving the sulphydrol protein groups(226,424,442).
Mercury caused adverse effects on both neutrophil and macrophage function
and after depletion of thiol reserves, T-cells were susceptible to Hg induced
cellular death (apoptosis).(226,272,355) Interferon syntheses was reduced
in a concentration dependent manner with either mercury or methyl mercury
as well as other immune functions(131), and low doses also induce aggregation
of cell surface proteins and dramatic tyrosine phosporlation of cellular
proteins related to asthma, allergic diseases such as eczema and lupus
(234,323,35), and autoimmunity(181,314). One study found that insertion
of amalgam fillings or nickel dental materials causes a supression of the
number of T-lympocytes(270), and impairs the T-4/T-8 ratio. Low T4/T8 ratio
has been found to be a factor in lupus, anemia, MS, eczema, inflamatory
bowel disease, and glomerulonephritis. Mercury induced autoimmunity in
animals and humans has been found to be associated with mercury's expression
of major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class II genes(314,181,226,425c).
Both mercuric and methyl mercury chlorides caused dose dependent reduction
in immune B-cell production. (316) B-cell expression of IgE receptors were
significantly reduced(316,165), with a rapid and sustained elevation in
intracellular levels of calcium induced(316,333). Both forms are immontoxic
and cytotoxic ant very low levels seen in individuals. Mercury also inhibited
B-cell and T-cell RNA and DNA synthesis. The inhibition of these functins
by 50 % occurred rapidly at very low levels, in the range of 10 to 25 ug/L.
All types of cells exhibited a dose dependent reduct in cellular glutathione
when exposed to mercury, inhibiting generation of GSH by lumpocutes and
moncytes(252). Workers occupationally exposed to mercury at levels within
guidelines have been found to have impairment of lytic activity of neutrophils
and reduced abiltiy of neutraphils to kill invaders such as candida(285,404).
Immune Th1 cells inhibit candida by cytokine related activation of macrophages
and neutraphils. Development of Th2 type immune responses deactivate such
defenses(404b). Mercury inhibits macrophage and neutraphil defense against
candida by its affects on Th1 and Th2 cytokine effects(181,285). Low doses
also induced autoimmuntiy in some species(181,314,404,129,131,43). Another
effect found is increase in the average blood white cell count significantly
(35). The increased white count usually normalizes after amalgam removal.
Mercury also blocks the immune function of magnesium and zinc (198,427,43,38).
Several studies found adverse health effects at mercury vapor levels of
1 to 5 mcg/M3 (35). Large numbers of people undergoing amalgam removal
have clinically demonstrated significant improvements in the immune system
parameters discussed here and recovery and significant improvement in immune
system problems in most cases surveryed(Section VI). Antigen specific LST-test
was performed on a large number of patients with atopic eczema(323), using
T-cells of peripheral blood. 87% showed LST positive reactions to Hg, 87%
to Ni, 38% to Au and 40% to Pd They removed LST positive dental metals
from the opral cavities of patients. Improvement of symptoms was obtained
in 82% (160/196) of the patients within 1-10 months. Similar results have
been obtained at other clinics(455).
3. Mercury from amalgam interferes with production of cytokines that
activate macrophage and neutraphils, disabling early control of viruses
and leading to enhanced infection(131,251). Animal studies have confirmed
that
mercury increases effects of the herpes simplex veris type 2 for example(131).
Both mercuric and methyl mercury were equally highly toxic at the cellular
level and in causing cell volume redcuctions(131). However methyl mercury
inhibits macrophage functions such as migration and phagocytosis at lower
levels.
4. Body mercury burden was found to play a role in resistant infections
such as Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes family viral infections; it was
found many cases can only be effectively treated by antibiotics after removal
of body mercury burden(cilantro tablets were used with followup antibiotics)(251,131).
Similar results have been found for treatment of cancer(35).
5. Mercury by its effect of weakening the immune system contributes
to increased chronic diseases and cancer(91,180,237,239,222,234,355,35,38,40,etc,).
Exposure to mercury vapor causes decreased zinc and methionine availability,
depresses rates of methylation, and increased free radicals-all factors
in increased susceptability to cancer(14,34,38,43,143,144,180,237,239,251,256,283).
Amalgam fillings have also been found to be positively associated with
mouth cancer(206,251,403). Mercury from amalgam fillings has also been
found to cause increase in white blood cells and in some cases to result
in leukemia(35,180). White cell levels decline after total dental revision(TDR)
and some have recovered from leukemia after removal of amalgam fillings
in a very short time(35,180). Among a group of patients testing positive
as allergic to mercury, low level mercury exposure was found to cause adverse
immune system response, including effects on vitro production of tumor
necrosis factor TNF alfa and reductions in interleukin-1. (131,152)
Nickel and beryllium are 2 other metals commonly used in dentistry
that are very carcinogenic, toxic, and cause DNA malformations(35,456).
Nickel ceramic crowns and root canals have also been found to be a factor
in some breast cancer and some have recovered after TDR, which includes
amalgam replacement, replacement of metal crowns over amalgam, nickel crowns,
extraction of root canaled teeth, and treatment of cavitations where necessary(35).
Similarly nickel crowns and gold crowns over amalgam have been found to
be a factor in lupus(456,35,229) and Belle's Palsy from which some have
recovered after TDR and Felderkrais exercises(35).
6. A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed
with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and
immune reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118,160) as well as
with MRI positive patients for brain damage. Controls without CNS problems
did not have such positive correlations. Mercury,nickel,palladium, and
gold induce autoimmunity in genetically predisposed or highly exposed individuals(314,234,130,342).
Tests have found a significant portion of people to be in this category
and thus more affected by exposure to amalgam than others(see section V).
Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome C oxidase system, blocking the
ATP energy function (35,43,84,232,338c). These effects along with reductions
in red blood cells oxygen carrying capability often result in fatigue and
reduced energy levels as well as neurological effects (35,60,119,140,141,182,202,212,232,235,313).
7. People with chronic and immune reacitive problems are increasing
findng dental materials are a factor in their problems and getting biocompatiblity
tests run to test their immune reactivity to the various dental materials
used.
A high percentage of such patients test immune reactive to many of
the toxic metals. Of the many thousands who have had the Clifford immune
reactivity test(445), the following percentages were immune reactive to
the following metals that have very common exposues: aluminum(91%), antimony(36%),
arsenic(86%), beryllium(74%), cadmium(63%), chromium(83%), cobalt(78%),
copper(32%), lead(68%), mercury(93%), nickel(98%), palladium(32%), silver(25%),
tin(32%), zinc(33%).
Toxic/allergic reactions to metals such as mercury often result in
lichen planus lesions in oral mucosa or gums and play a roll in pathogenesis
of periodontal disease. Removal of amalgam fillings usually results in
cure of such lesions(60,75,78,82,86, 87,90,94,101,118,133,168,313). A high
percentage of patients with oral mucosal problems along with other autoimmune
problems such as CFS have significant immune reactions to mercury, palladium,
gold, and nickel(46,60,118,313,81,90,212,313,342,368,369,375,456), including
to mercury preservatives such as thimersol. 94% of such patients had significant
immune reactions to inorganic mercury(MELISA test) and 72% had immune reactions
to low concentrations of HgCl2(<0.5 ug/ml). 61% also had immune reaction
to phenylHg, which has been commonly used in root canals and cosmetics(313).
10% of controls had significant immune reactions to HgCl and 8.3% to palladium.
Other studies of patients suffering from chronic fatigue found similar
results(369,375). Of 50 patients suffering from serious fatigue refered
for MELISA test(369), over 70% had significant immune reaction to inorganic
mercury and 50% to nickel, with most patients also reactive to one or more
other metals such as palladium, cadmium, lead, and methyl mercury.
Mercury has been found to impair conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to
the active T3 form as well
as causing autoimmune thyroiditis common to such patients(369,382,459,35).
In general immune activation from toxics such as heavy metals resulting
in cytokine release and abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
axis can cause changes in the brain, fatigue, and severe psycholgical symtoms(379-382,385,369,375,381,382,453,
118, 60) such as profound fatigue, muscosketal pain, sleep disturbances,
gastrointestinal and neurological problems as are seen in CFS, fibromyalgia,
and autoimmune thyroidititis. Such symptoms usually improve significantly
after amalgam removal. Such hypersensitivity has been found most common
in those with genetic predisposition to heavy metal sensitivity(368,369,382,60),
such as found more frequently in patients with HLA-DRA antigens(375,383).
A significant portions of the population appear to fall in this category.
8. Patients with other systemic neurological or immune symptoms such
as arthritis, myalgia, eczema, CFS, MS, lupus, ALS, diabetes, epilepsy,
Hashimodo's thyroiditis, schleroderma,etc. also often recover or improve
significantly after amalgam replacement (12,35,60,113,212,222,229,313,323,342,368,369,375,453,459,section
VI). Of a group of 86 patients with CFS symptoms, 78% reported significant
health improvements after replacement of amalgam fillings within a relatively
short period, and MELISA test found significant reduction in lymphocyte
reactivity compared to pre removal tests(342,368,369,375). The improvement
in symptoms and lymphocute reactivity imply that most of the Hg-induced
lymphocyte reactivity is allergenic in nature. Although patch tests for
mercury allergy are often given for unresolved oral symptoms, this is not
generally recommended as a high percentage of such problems are resolved
irrespective of the outcome of a patch test(87,86,90,101,168,etc.) Also
using mercury in a patch test has resulted in some adverse health effects.
A group of patients that had amalgams removed because of chronic health
problems, was able to detect subjectively when a patch test used mercury
salts in a double blind study(373). Mercury inhibits production of insulin
and is a factor in diabetes and hypoglycemia, with significant reductions
in insulin need after replacement of amalgam filings and normalizing of
blood sugar(35).
Of the over 3,000 patients tested for lymphocyte reactivity to metals(60,342,368,375),
the following were the percentages testing positive: nickel- 34%, inorganic
mercury- 23%, phenol mercury- 13%, gold- 12%, cadmium- 11%, palladium-
11%, silver- 1%. Other studies have also found relatively high rates of
allergic reactions to inorganic mercury and nickel(81,35,445,456). For
groups with suspected autoimmune diseases such as neurological problems,
CFS, and oral lichen planus; most of the patients tested positive to inorganic
mercury and most of such patients health improved significantly and immune
reactivity declined after amalgam removal. In a group of patients tested
by MELISA before and after amalgam removal at a clinic in Uppsula Sweden,
the patients reactivity to inorganic mercury, palladium, gold and phenyl
mercury all had highly significant differences from the control group,
with over 20 % being hihgly reactive to each of these metals(375). A high
percentage were also reactive to nickel in both groups. After amalgam removal
the immune reactivity to all of these metals other than nickel declined
significantly, and 76% reported significant long term health improvements
after 2 years. Only 2% were worse. The study concluded that immune reactivity
to mercury and palladium is common and appears to be allegenic/immune related
in nature since immune reactivity declines when exposure levels are reduced.
Such studies have also found that deficiencies in detoxification enzymes
such as glutathione transfereases cause increased susceptibility to metals
and other chemicals(384). Such deficiencies can be due to genetic predisposition,
but are also known to be caused by acute or chronic toxic exposures.
For MS and lupus patients, a high percentage tested positive to nickel
and/or inorganic mercury(MELISA).
A patch test was given to a large group of medical students to assess
factors that lead to sensitization to mercury(132). 13% tested positive
for allergy to mercury. Eating fish was not a significant factor between
sensitive and non- sensitized students, but the sensitized group had a
significantly higher average number of amalgam fillings and higher hair
mercury levels. In a population of dental students tested, 44% were positive
for allergy to mercury(156).
9. A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed
with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and
immune reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118) as well as with
MRI positive patients for brain damage. 81% of the group with health complaints
had pathological MRI results including signs of degeneration of the basal
ganglia of the brain, but none in the controls. 60% of the symptom group
tested positive for immune system reaction to mercury. Controls without
CNS problems did not have such positive correlations. The authors concluded
that immune reactions have an important role in development of brain lesions
,and amalgam fillings induce immune reactions in many patients (91,118)(270,286).
Mercury,nickel,palladium, and gold induce autoimmunity in genetically predisposed
or highly exposed individuals(60,314,234,130,342,35). Tests have found
a significant portion of people to be in this category and thus more affected
by exposure to amalgam than others.
10. Low level mercury exposure(as well as other toxic metals) including
exposure to amalgam fillings has been found to be associated with increased
autoimmune diseases (19, 27,34,35,44,45,60,215,234,268,269,270, 313,314),
including lupus(12,33e,35,60,113,229,233,234,270,323,330,331,456),Chrons
Disease, lichen planus(86,87,90,168,313), endometriosis (1,9,38,229). Silver
also is released from amalgam fillings and stored in the body and has been
shown to cause immune complex deposits, immune reactions and autoimmunity
in animal studies (77,78,129,314).
11. Mercury exposure through fillings appears to be a major factor in
chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) through its effects on ATP and immune system(lymphocute
reactivity, neutraphil activity, effects on T-cells and B-cells) and its
promotion of growth of candida albicans in the body and the methylation
of inorganic mercury by candida to the extremely toxic methyl mercury form
which like mercury vapor crosses the blood-brain barrier and also damages
and weakens the immune system(222,225,226,234,235,265,293,60,313,314,342,368,369,
404), and both inorganic and methyl mercury have been shown in animal studies
to induce autoimmune reactions and disease in susceptible types through
effects on immune system T cells (226,234,268,269,270,314,425,426/272.)
V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings
(other than immune)
1. Neurological problems are among the most common and serious and include
memory loss, moodiness, depression, anger and sudden bursts of anger/rage(434),
self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force to resolve doubts
or resist obsessions or compulsions, etc. Many studies of patients with
major neurological diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play
a major role in development of conditions such as depression(94,107,109,212,222,271,294,212,229,233,285e,317,320,322,372,374,453),
schizophrenia(34,35,295), memory problems(212,222), and other more serious
neurological diseases such as MS, ALS, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's(see
# 25). One mechanism by which mercury has been found to be a factor in
aggressiveness and violence is its documented inhibition of the brain neurotransmitter
acetylcholinesterase(175,451).
Mercury causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological
diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's. Lithium protects brain cells
against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause abnormal brain
cell balance and neurological disturbances (280,294,333,33,56 ). Medical
texts on neurology (27,295) point out that chronic mercurialism is often
not recognized by diagnosticians and misdiagnosed as dementia or neurosis
or functional psychosis or just "nerves". "Early manifestations are likely
to be subtle and diagnosis difficult: Insomnia, nervousness, mild tremor,
impaired judgment and coordination, decreased mental efficiency, emotional
lability, headache, fatigue, loss of sexual drive, depression, etc. are
often mistakenly ascribed to psychogenic causes". Very high levels of mercury
are found in brain memory areas such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
of patients with diseases with memory related symptoms (158,34,207,etc.}
Mercury(as well as toxins from root canals and cavitations) interact
with brain tubulin and disassembles microtubiles that maintain neurite
structure(207b,35,437). Thus chronic exposure to low level mercury vapor
can inhibit polymerzation of brain tubulin and creatinine kinase which
are essential to formation of microtubles. Studies of mercury studies on
animals give results similar to that found the the Alzheimer brain. The
effects of mercury with other toxic metals have also been found to be synergistic,
having much more effect than with individual exposure(35).
Animal studies of developmental effects of mercury on the brain have
found significant effects at extremely low exposure levels, levels commonly
seen in those with amalgam fillings or in dental staff working with amalgam.
One study(175) found mercury vapor decreased NGF concentration in rat's
forebrain at 4 parts per billion(ppb) tissue concentration. Another study(134)
found general toxicity effects at 1 micromole(uM) levels in immature cell
cultures, increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary protein at 1
nanamole (0.2 ppb) concentration, and microglial response at even lower
levels. Other animal studies on rodents and monkeys have found brain cellular
migration disturbances, behavioral changes, along with reduced learning
and adaption capacity after low levels of mercury vapor exposure (210,264,287,149).
The exposure levels in these studies are seen in the fetus and newborn
babies of mother's with amalgam fillings or who had work involving amalgam
during pregnancy(61).
Epidemiological studies have found that human embryos are also highly
susceptible to brain damage from prenatal exposure to mercury. Studies
have confirmed that there are vulnerable periods during brain and CNS development
that are expecially sensitive to neurotoxic exposures and affect development
processes and results(429).The fetal period is most sensitive, but neural
developement extends through adolescence. Maternal hypothyroidism has been
found to cause endocrine system abnormalities in the fetus, and mercury
is documented to commonly cause hypothyroidism, both chronically or as
a transient condition(458). Some conditions found to be related to such
toxic exposures include autism, scizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia, eczema, etc.
Prenatal/early postnatal exposure to mercury affects level of nerve growth
factor(NGF) in the brain and causes brain damage and imbalances in development
of the brain (38,119,181,305,259,210,149,305,24/ 39,175, 255,149). Exposure
of developing neuroblastoma cells to sub-cytotoxic doses of mercuric oxide
resulted in lower levels of neurofilament proteins than unexposed cells(305).
Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain
and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle
deficiencies(38,305). Exposure to mercury and 4 other heavy metals tested
for in a study of school children accounted for 23% of the variation in
test scores for reading, spelling and visual motor skills(3). A Canadian
study found that blood levels of five metals were able to predict with
a 98% accuracy which children were learning disabled(3). Several studies
found that mercury causes learning disabilities and impairment, and reduction
in IQ(3,21,38,110,264,285c,279). Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous
system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background
levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of
birth defects and still births (23,38,287,338c,10).
2. Calcium plays a major role in the extreme neurotoxicity of mercury
and methyl mercury. Both inhibit cellular calcium ATPase and calcium uptake
by brain microsomes at very low levels of exposure (270,288,329,333,432,56,).
Protein Kinase C (PKC) regulates intracellular and extra cellular signals
across neuronal membranes, and both forms of mercury inhibit PKC at micromolar
levels, as well as inhibiting phorbal ester binding(43,432). They also
block or inhibit calcium L-channel currents in the brain in an irreversable
and concecentration dependent manner. Mecury vapor or inorganic mercury
exposure affects the posterior cingulate cortex and causes major neurological
effects with sufficient exposure(428,453). Some of the resulting conditions
include stomatitis, tremor, ADD, erythism, etc. Metallic mercury is much
more potent than methyl mercury in such actions, with 50 % inhibitation
in animal studies at 13 ppb(333,329).
Spatial and temporal changes in intracellular calcium concentrations
are critical for controlling gene expression and neurotransmitter release
in neurons(432,412). Mercury alters calcium homeostasis and calcium levles
in the brain and affects gene expression and neurotransmitter release through
its effects on calcium, etc.
Mercury inhibits sodium and potassium (N,K)ATPase in dose dependent
manner and inhibits dopamine and noreprenephrine uptake by synaptosomes
and nerve implulse transfer(288,50,270,35). Mercury also interrupts the
cytochrome oxidase system, blocking the ATP energy function (35,43,84,232,338c),
lowering immune growth factor IGF-I levels and impairing astrocyte function(119,131).
Astrocytes are common cells in the CNS involved in the feeding and detox
of nerve cells. Increases in inflamatory cytokines such as caused by toxic
metals trigger increased free radical activity and damage to astrocyte
and astrocyte function(152). IGF-I protects against brain and neuronal
pathologies like ALS, MS, and Fibromyalgia by protecting the astrocytes
from this destructive process.
Mercury lymphocyte reactivity and effects on glutamate in the CNS induce
CFS type symptoms including profound tiredness, musculoskeletal pain, sleep
distubances, gastrointestinal and neurological problems along with other
CFS symptoms and fibromyalgia(342,346,368,369,375). Mercury has been found
to be a common cause of fibromyalgia(293,346,369). Glutamate is the most
abundant amino acid in the body and in the CNS acts as excitory neurotransmitter(346,386,412),
which also causes inflow of calcium. Astrocytes, a type of cell in the
brain and CNS with the task of keeping clean the area around nerve cells,
have a function of neutralizing excess glutamate by transforming it to
glutamic acid. If astrocytes are not able to rapidly neutralize excess
glutamate, then a buildup of glutamate and calcium occurs, causing swelling
and neurotoxic effects(119,131,152,333). Mercury and other toxic metals
inhibit astrocyte function in the brain and CNS(119,131), causing increased
glutamate and calcium related neurotoxicity(119,152,333,226a) which are
responsible for much of the fibromylgia symptoms and a factor in neural
degeneration in MS and ALS. This is also a factor in conditions such as
CFS, Parkinson's, and ALS(346,416). Animal studies have confirmed that
increased levels of glutamate(or aspartate, another amino acid excitory
neurotransmitter) cause increased sensitivity to pain , as well as higher
body temperature- both found in CFS/fibromyalgia. Mercury and increased
glutamate activate free radical forming processes like xanthine oxidase
which produce oxygen radicals and oxidative neurological damage(346,142,13).
Extremely toxic anerobic bacteria from root canals or cavitations formed
at incompletely healed tooth extraction sites have also been found to be
common factors in fibromyalgia and other chronic neurological conditions
such as Parkinson's and ALS, with condensing osteitis which must be removed
with a surgical burr along with 1 mm of bone around it(35,437). Cavitations
have been found in 85% of sites from wisdom tooth extractions tested and
55% of molar extraction sites tested(35,437). The incidence is likely somewhat
less in the general population. Medical studies and doctors treating fibromylagia
have found that supplements which cause a decrease in glutamate or protect
against its effects have a positive effect on fibromyalgia and other chronic
neurologic conditions. Some that have been found to be effective include
Vit B6, methyl cobalamine(B12), L-carnitine, choline, ginseng, Ginkgo biloba,vitamins
C and E, nicotine, and omega 3 fatty acids(fish and flaxseed oil)(417).
3. Numerous studies have found long term chronic low doses of mercury
cause neurological, memory, behavior, sleep, and mood problems(3,34,60,69,70,71,74,107,
108,109,119,140,141,160,199,212,222,246,255,257, 258, 282,290,453). Neurological
effects have been documented at very low levels of exposure(urine Hg<
4 ug/L), levels commonly received by those with amalgam fillings(290).
One of the studies at a German University(199) assessed 20,000 people.
There is also evidence that fetal or infant exposure causes delayed neurotoxicity
evidenced in serious effect at middle age(255,306). Organic tin compounds
formed from amalgam are even more neurotoxic than mercury (222,262). Studies
of groups of patients with amalgam fillings found significantly more neurological,
memory, mood, and behavioral problems than the control groups. (3,34,107,108,109,140,141,160,199,212,222,290,453).
4. Mercury binds to hemoglobin oxygen binding sites in the red blood
cells thus reducing oxygen carrying capacity(332,35) and adversely affects
the vascular response to norepinepherine and potassium. Mercury's effect
on pituitary gland vasopression is a factor in high blood pressure(35).
Mercury also increases cytosolic fre calcium levels in lymphocytes in a
concentration-dependant manner causing influx from the extracellular medium(270c),
and blocks entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm (1,16,17,21,33,35,333),
and at 100 ppb can destroy the membrane of red blood cells(35,22,17,270c)
and damage blood vessels- reducing blood supply to the tissues (34,202,306).
Amalgam fillings have been found to be related to higher blood pressure,
hemoglobin irregularities, tachycardia, chest pains, etc.(201,202,205,212,222,306,310,35).
Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome oxidase system, blocking the ATP
energy function(35,43,84,232,338c) and impairing astrocyte function(119)..
These effects often result in fatigue and reduced energy levels (35,60,119,140,141,
182,202,212,232,235,313). Mercury also accumulates in the heart and damages
myocardial and heart valves (Turpayev,in (35)) & (59,201,205,306,351,370).
Both mercury and methyl mercury have been shown to cause depletion of calcium
from the heart muscle and to inhibit myosin ATPase activity by 50% at 30
ppb(59), as well as reducing NK-cells in the blood and spleen. The interruption
of the ATP energy chemistry results in high levels of porphyrins in the
urine(260). Mercury,lead, and other toxics have different patterns of high
levels for the 5 types of porphyrins, with pattern indicating likely source
and the level extent of damage. The average for those with amalgams is
over 3 time that of those without, and is over 20 times normal for some
severely poisoned people(232,260). The FDA has approved a test measuring
porphyrins as a test for mercury poisoning. However some other dental problems
such as nickel crowns, cavitations, and root canals also can cause high
porphyrins. Cavitations are diseased areas in bone under teeth or extracted
teeth usually caused by lack of adequate blood supply to the area. Tests
by special equipment(Cavitat) found cavitations in over 90% of areas under
root canals or extracted wisdom teeth that have been tested, and toxins
such as anerobic bacteria and other toxics which significantly inhibit
body enzymatic processes in virtually all cavitations(437). These toxins
have been found to have serious systemic health effects in many cases,
and significant health problems to be related such as arthritis, MCS, and
CFS. These have been found to be factors along with amalgam in serious
chronic conditions such as MS, ALS, Alzheimer's, MCS, CFS, etc.(35,204,222,292,437).
The problem occurs in extractions that are not cleaned out properly after
extraction(437). Supplements such as glucosamine sulfate and avoidance
of orange juice and caffein have been found to be benefical in treating
arithritic conditions as well(35).
A study funded by the Adolf Coors Foundation(232) found that toxicity
such as mercury is a significant cause of abnormal cholesterol levels,
increasing as a protective measure against metals toxicity, and that cholesterol
levels usually normalize after amalgam replacement. However lowering cholesterol
levels by other means below 160 correlates with much higher rates of depression,
suicide, cancer, violent deaths, cerebral hemorage, and deaths- all known
to be affected by mercury effects(35). The study also found that mercury
has major adverse effects on red and white blood cells, oxygen carrying
capacity, and porphyrin levels(232), with most cases seeing significant
increase in oxyhemogolbin level and reduction in porphyrin levels along
with 100% experiencing improved energy.
5. Patch tests for hypersensitivity to mercury have found from 2% to
44% to test positive (87,154,156, 178, 267), much higher for groups with
more amalgam fillings and length of exposure than those with less. In studies
of medical and dental students, those testing positive had significantly
higher average number of amalgam fillings than those not testing positive(and
higher levels of mercury in urine(132,156). Of the dental students with
10 or more fillings at least 5 years old, 44% tested allergic. Based on
these studies and statistics for the number with 10 or more fillings, the
percent of Americans allergic to mercury just from this group would be
about 17 million people especially vulnerable to increased immune system
reactions to amalgam fillings. However, the total would be much larger
and patch tests do not measure the total population getting toxic reactions
from mercury. The most sensitive reactions are immune reactions, DNA mutations,
developmental,enzyme inhibition, and systemic effects(34,38,61,149,186,226,263,264,270,272,296,305,410-412/357).
6. People with amalgam fillings have an increased number of intestinal
microorganisms resistant to mercury and many standard antibiotics(35,116,117,161,389).
Mercury is extremely toxic and kills many beneficial bacterial, but some
forms of bacteria can alter their form to avoid being killed by adding
a plasmid to their DNA making the bacteria mercury resistant. But this
transformation also increases antibiotic resistance and results in adversely
altered populations of bacteria in the intestines. Recent studies have
found that drug resistant strains of bacteria causing ear infections, sinuitis,
tuberculosis, and pneumonia more than doubled since 1996, and similar for
strains of bacteria in U.S. rivers(53). Studies have found a significant
correlation between mercury resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance
(116,117,161,369), and have found that after reducing mercury burden antibiotic
resistance declines (251,389,40). The alteration of intestional bacterial
populations necessary for proper digestion along with other damage and
membrane permeability effects of mercury are major factors in creating
"leaky gut" conditions with poor digestion and absorption of nutrients
and toxic incompletely digested compounds in the bloodstream(338,35,etc.).
7. Mercury from amalgam binds to the -SH (sulphydryl) groups, resulting
in inactivation of sulfur and blocking of enzyme function, producing sulfur
metobolites with extreme toxicity that the body is unable to properly detoxify(33,114),
along with a defeciency in sulfates required for many body functions. Sulfur
is essential in enzymes, hormones, nerve tissue, and red blood cells. These
exist in almost every enzymatic process in the body. Blocked or inhibited
sulfur oxidation at the cellular level has been found in most with many
of the chronic degenertive diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's,
ALS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MCS, autism, etc(330,331,33,35,56), and
appears to be a major factor in these conditions. Mercury also blocks the
metabolic action of manganese and the entry of calcium ions into cytoplasm(333).
Mercury from amalgam thus has the potential to disturb all metabolic processes(25,21,33,
35,56,60,111,180,194,197}. Mercury is transported throughout the body in
blood and can affect cells in the body and organs in different ways.
8. A large study of 20,000 subjects at a German university found a significant
relation between the number of amalgam fillings with periodontal problems,
neurological problems, and gastrointestinal problems(199). Allergies and
hair-loss were found to be 2-3 times as high in a group with large number
of amalgam fillings compared to controls(199,9). Levels of mercury in follicular
fluid was significantly higher for those with amalgam fillings (9,146).
Based on this finding, a Gynecological Clinic that sees a large number
of women suffering from alopecia/hair loss that was not responding to treatment
had amalgams replaced in 132 women who had not responded to treatment.
68 % of the women then responded to treatment and alopecia was alleviated(187).
In other studies involving amalgam removal, the majority had significant
improvement (40,317). Higher levels of hormone disturbances, immune disturbances,
infertility, and recurrent fungal infections were also found in the amalgam
group. The results of hormone tests, cell culture studies, an intervention
studies agree(9,146). Other clinics have also found alleviation of hair
loss/alopechia after amalgam removal and detox(40,317). Another study in
Japan found significantly higher levels of mercury in gray hair than in
dark hair(402).
9. Mercury accumulates in the kidneys with increasing levels over time.
One study found levels ranging from 21 to 810 ppb. A study of levels in
kidney donars found an average of 3 times higher mercury level in those
with amalgams versis those without(14c). Mercury exposure has been shown
to adversely affect kidney function in occupational and animal studies
(20,203,211,260,438), and also in those with more than average number of
amalgam fillings(254).. Inorganic mercury exposure has been found to exert
a dose-dependent cytotoxicity by generating extremely high levels of hydrogen
peroxide, which is normally quenched by pyruvate and catalase(203). HgCl2
also has been found to impair function of other organelles such s lysomomes
that maintain transmembrane proton gradient, and to decrease glutathione
peroxidase activity in the kidneys while upregulating heme oxidase function.
The Government's toxic level for mercury in urine is 30 mcg/L (189), but
adverse effects have been seen at lower levels and low levels in urine
often mean high mercury retention and chronic toxicity problems.
10. Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which increase mercury
vapor release and may have other harmful effects(19,27,28,29,30,35,100,192,194).
These currents are measured in micro amps, with some measured at over 4
micro amps. The central nervous system operates on signals in the range
of nano-amps, which is 1000 times less than a micro amp(28). Negatively
charged fillings or crowns push electrons into the oral cavity since saliva
is a good electrolyte and cause higher mercury vapor losses(35,192). Patients
with autoimmune condtions like MS, or epilepsy, depression, etc. are often
found to have a lot of high negative current fillings(35). The Huggins
total dental revision(TDR) protocol calls for teeth with the highest negative
charge to be replaced first(35). Other protocols for amalgam removal are
available from international dental associations like IAOMT(153) and mercury
poisoned patients organizations like DAMS(447). For these reasons it is
important that no new gold dental work be placed in the mouth until at
least 6 months after replacement. Some studies have also found persons
with chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields(EMF) to have higher levels
of mercury exposure and excretion(28).
11. Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the fetus of pregnant
women and children who breast feed at levels often higher than those of
the mother(18,19,20,23,31,38,61,112, 186,281). Mercury has an effect on
the fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults,
and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with
incidence of birth defects and still births(10,23,38,197,210,287,338c,361).
Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain
and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle
deficiencies(38,305).
12. Since mercury(all forms) is documented from studies of humans and
animals to be a reproductive and developmental toxin(23,38,61,105,186,224,255,287.305,381,etc.),
mercury can reduce reproductive function and cause birth defects and developmental
problems in children(2,4,9,10,20,23,24,31,37,38,39,41,55,61,104,146,159,
162,224,255,458). Clinical evidence indicates that amalgam fillings lead
to hormone imbalances that can reduce fertility(9,38,55,4,105,146,367).
Mercury has been found to cause decreased sperm volume and motility , increased
sperm abnormalities and spontaneous abortions, increased uterine fibroids/endometritis,
and decreased fertility in animals(4,104,105,162) and in humans(9,10,23,31,37,105,146,159,395,433,27,35,38).
In studies of women having miscarriages or birth defects, husbands were
found to typically have low sperm counts and significantly more visually
abnormal sperm(393). Studies indicate an increase in the rate of spontaneous
abortions with an increasing concentration of mercury in the fathers' urine
before pregnancy(37). Studies have found that mercury accumulates in the
ovaries and testes, inhibits enzymes necessary for sperm production, affects
DNA in sperm, causes aberrant numbers of chromosomes in cells, causes chromosome
breaks, etc.- all of which can cause infertility, spontaneous abortions,
or birth defects(10,31,35,296). Subfertile males in Hong Kong were found
to have 40% more mercury in their hair than fertile controls(55). Studies
in monkeys have found decreased sperm motility, abnormal sperm, increased
infertility and abortions at low levels of methyl mercury(162,365). Researcher's
advise pregnant women should not be exposed to mercury vapor levels above
government health standards (2,19,25,227,61,100,182,282,366); currently
U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3 which is exceeded by any dental
work involving amalgam(Section III). Many governments have bans or restrictions
on use of amalgam by women of child-bearing age.
13. Mercury causes breaks in DNA (4,38,41,42,197,272,296). Low non-cytotoxic
levels of mercury induce dose dependent binding of mercury to DNA and significantly
increased cell mutations (142,4) and birth defects(197,38,105). In addition
to effects on DNA, mercury also promotes cancer in other ways. Mercury
depletes and weakens the immune system in many ways documented throughout
this paper.
14. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting
chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland,
hypothallamus, thyroid gland(50,369,35), enzyme production processes (111,194,33,56),
and many hormonal functions at very low levels of exposure (9,105,146,
210, 312,369). The pituitary gland controls many of the body's endocrine
system functions and secretes hormones that control most bodily processes,
including the immune system and reproductive systems(105,312,381). The
hypothallamus regulates body temperature and many metabolic processes.
Mercury damage thus commonly results in poor bodily temperature control,
in addtion to many problems caused by hormonal imbalances. Such hormonal
secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much lower than the
acute toxicity effects normally tested. Mercury also damages the blood
brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals
and substances (311). Low levels of mercuric chloride also inhibit ATPase
activity in the thyroid, with methyl mercury inhibiting ATP function at
even lower levels(50,35). Both types of mercury were found to cause denaturing
of protein, but inorganic mercury was more potent. These effects result
commonly in a reduction in thyroid production(50) and an accumulation in
the thyroid of radiation. Toxic metal exposure's adverse influence on thyrocytes
can play a major role in thyroid cancer etiology(144) . Among those with
chronic immune system problems with related immune antibodies, the types
showing the highest level of antibody reductions after amalgam removal
include thyreoglobulin and microsomal thyroid antigens(91)
15. There has been no evidence found that there is any safe level of
mercury in the body that does not kill cells and harm body processes(WHO,183,189,
etc.). This is especially so for the pituitary gland of the developing
fetus where mercury has been shown to accumulate and which is the most
sensitive to mercury(2-4,19-24,30,31,36-44,61,186).
16. Low levels of mercury and toxic metals have been found to inhibit
dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system function by
inhibiting transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and
tryptophan transport into neurons(27,98,122,257,289,372,342,372,412). This
was found to cause severe impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydrobiopterin,
which is essential in production of neurotransmitters, is significantly
decreased in patients with alzheimer's, Parkinson's, MS, and autism. Such
patients have abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production. Such
symptoms improved for most patients after administration of
R-tetrahydrobiopterin(412), and some after 5-formyltetrahydrofolate,
tyrosine(257), and 5-HTP(412).
17. The level of mercury released by amalgam fillings is often more
than the levels documented in medical studies to produce adverse effects
and above the U.S. government health guidelines for mercury exposure(see
previous text).
18. Many studies of patients with major neurological or degenerative
diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a major role in
development of conditions such as such as Alzheimers (66,67,158,166,204,
207, 221,238,242,244,257,295,300,35), ALS(92,97,229,325,346,416,423,35),
MS(102,163,170,183,184,212,285,291, 302, 324,326,35), Parkinson's(98,169,248,250,258,363,56,84,35),ADD(285e),
etc. Mercury exposure causes high levels of oxidative stress/reactive oxygen
species(ROS)(13,442), which has been found to be a major factor in neurological
disease(56,442). Mercury and quinones form conjugates with thiol compounds
such as glutathione and cysteine and cause depletion of glutathione, which
is necessary to mitigate reactive damage. Such congugates are found to
be highest in the brain substantia nigra with similar congugates formed
with L-Dopa and dopamine in Parkinson's disease(56). Mercury depletion
of GSH and damage to cellular mitochrondria and the increased lipid perxodation
in protein and DNA oxidation in the brain appear to be a major factor in
Parkinson's disease(33,346). One study found higher than average levels
of mercury in the blood, urine, and hair of Parkinson's disease patients(363).
Another study(169) found blood and urine mercury levels to be very strongly
related to Parkinson's with odds ratios of approx. 20 at high levels of
Hg exposure. Increased formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) has also
been found to increase formation of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)
that have been found to cause activation of glial cells to produce superoxide
and nitric oxide, they can be considered part of a vicious cycle, which
finally leads to neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra in PD(424).
Another study (145) that reveiwed occupational exposure data found that
occupational exposure to manganese and copper have high odds rations for
relation to PD, as well as multiple exposures to these and lead, but noted
that this effect was only seen for exposure of over 20 years.
Mercury has been found to accumulate preferentially in the primary
motor function related areas such as the brain stem, cerebellum, rhombencephalon,
dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons, which enervate the
skeletal muscles(48,291,327,329,442). There is considerable indication
this may be a factor in ALS development (48,325,405,416,423,442). Mercury
penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier allowing penetration of
the barrier by other substances that are neurotoxic (20,38,85,105,162,301,311/262).
Such damage to the blood brain barrier's function has been found to be
a major factor in chronic neurological diseases such as MS(286,289,291,302,
324,326). MS patients have been found to have much higher levels of mercury
in cerebrospinal fluid compared to controls (163,35,139). Large German
studies including studies at German universities have found that MS patients
usually have high levels of mercury body burden, with one study finding
300% higher than controls(271). Most recovered after mercury detox, with
some requiring addtional treatment for viruses and intestinal dysbiosis.
Studies have found mercury related mental effects to be indistinguishable
from those of MS (207,212,222,244,271,289,291,302,183,184,324,326).
Low levels of toxic metals have been found to inhibit dihydroteridine
reductase, which affects the neural system function by inhibiting brain
transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan
transport into neurons(122,257,289,372). This was found to cause severe
impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydro-biopterin, which is
essential in production of nerurotransmitters, is significantly decreased
in patients with Alzheimer's's, Parkinson's, and MS. Such patients have
abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production.(supplements which inhibit
breach of the blood brain barrier such as bioflavonoids have been found
to slow such neurological damage).
Clinical tests of patients with MND,ALS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's,
Lupus(SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and autsism have found that the patients
generally have elevated plasma cysteine to sulphate ratios, with the average
being 500%higher than controls(330,331,56,33e), and in general being poor
sulphur oxidizers. This means that these patients have insufficient sulfates
available to carry out necessary bodily processes. Mercury has been shown
to diminish and block sulphur oxidation and thus reducing glutathione levels
which is the part of this process involved in detoxifying and excretion
of toxics like mercury(33). Glutathion is produced through the sulphur
oxidation side of this process. Low levels of available glutathione have
been shown to increase mercury retention and increase toxic effects(111),
while high levels of free cysteine have been demonstrated to make toxicity
due to inorganic mercury more severe(333,194,56,33e). Mercury has also
been found to play a part in inducing intolerance and neuronal problems
through blockage of the P-450 enzymatic process(84,33e).
In one subtype of ALS, damaged, blocked, or faulty enzymatic superoxide
dimutase (SOD) processes appear to be a major factor in cell apoptosis
involved in the codition(443). Mercury is known to damage or inhibit SOD
actitivity(441,33,111).
19. Mercury at extremely low levels also interferes with formation of
tubulin producing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain similar to those
observed in Alzheimers patients, with high levels of mercury in the brain
(207), and low levels of zinc(363,43). Mercury and the induced neurofibrillary
tangles also appear to produce a functional zinc deficiency in the of AD
sufferers(242),as well as causing reduced lithium levels which is another
factor in such diseases. Lithium protects brain cells against excess glutamate
induced excitability and calcium influx(280,56). Also mercury binds with
cell membranes interfering with sodium and potassium enzyme functions,
causing excess membrane permeability, especially in terms of the blood-brain
barrier (155,207,311). Less than 1ppm mercury in the blood stream can impair
the blood- brain barrier. Mercury was also found to accumulate in the mitochondria
and interfere with their vital functions, and to inhibit cytochrome C enzymes
which affect energy supply to the brain(43,84,232,338c,35). Persons with
the Apo-E4 gene form of apolipoprotein E which transports cholesterol in
the blood, are especially susceptible to this damage(207,221,346), while
those with Apo-E2 which has extra cysteine and is a better mercury scavanger
have less damage. The majority have an intermediate form Apo-E3. This appears
to be a factor in susceptablity to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease
and multiple schlerosis. Ones susceptability can be estimated by testing
for this condition. In many cases (many thousand documented)removal of
amalgam fillings and treatment for metal toxicity led to "cure' or significant
improvement in health(see Section V). Mercury causes an increase in white
blood cells, with more created to try to react to a foreign toxic substance
in the body. There is evidence that some forms of leukemia are abnormal
response to antigenic stimulation by mercury or other such toxics, and
removal of amalgam has led to remission very rapidly in some cases(35,38,180,239).
20. Mercury and methyl mercury impair or inhibit all cell functions
and deplete calcium stores(96). This can be a major factor in bone loss
of calcium(osteoperosis). Mercury(like copper) also accumulates in areas
of the eyes such as the endothelial layer of the cornea and macula and
is a major factor in chronic and degenerative eye conditions such as iritis,
astigmatism, myopia, black streaks on retina, cataracts, macula degeneration,
etc. Most of these condtions have been found to improve after amalgam replacement(35,212,271,322,etc.)
VI. Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings
1. For the week following amalgam removal, body mercury levels increase
significantly, depending on protective measures taken, but within 2 weeks
levels fall significantly.(82,89) Chronic conditions can worsen temporarily,
but usually improve if adequate precautions are taken to reduce exposure
during removal.
2. Removal of amalgam fillings resulted in a significant reduction in
body burden and body waste product load of mercury(75,82,88,89,93,95,115).
Total reduction in mercury levels in blood and urine is often over 80%
within a few months(79,82,89,93,115,57).
3. For the following case studies of amalgam replacement, some clinics
primarily replaced amalgam fillings using patient protective measures and
supportive supplements, whereas some clinics do something comparable to
Hal Huggins total dental revision where in addition to amalgam replacement,
patients gold or nickel crowns over amalgam are replaced by biocompatible
alternatives, root canals extracted and cavitations checked for and cleaned.
There are extensive documented cases (many thousands) where removal of
amalgam fillings led to cure or significant improvement of serious health
problems such as periodontal diseases(35,40,46,57,60,75,78,82,86, 87,90,94,95,100,101,115,133,168,212,222,233,271,313,317,321,322,376),
oral keratosis(pre cancer)(87,251), immune system/ autoimmune problems
(8,35,60,222,270,271,313,323,368,91,212,229,291,452), allergies(8,26, 35,40,46,94,95,97,165,212,222,228,229,233,271,317,322,349,376),
asthma(8,75,97,222,228,271,322), chronic headaches/ migraines (5,34,35,95,212
222,229,233,271,317,322,349,354,115, 376,440,453), multiple chemical sensitivities
(26,35,95,222, 229,232,233,115,313,368), epilepsy (5,35,309,229), blood
conditions(212,222,232, 233,271,35,95), eczema (60,212,222, 271,313,317,323,94,376,341,459),
chron's disease(222,229), stomach problems (35,95,212,222,228,229,233,271,317,
322,440,35), lupus(12,35,113,222, 229,233,323), dizzyness/vertigo(40,95,212,
222,271,322,376,453), arthritis(35,95,103,212, 222,271,313,322,358), MS(94,95,102,170,212,222,271,291,302,
34, 35,229), ALS(97,229,423,405,35), Parkinson's/ muscle tremor (222,248,229,271,212,94,98,35),
Alzheimer's(204,35), muscular/joint pain/fibromyalgia (35,222,293,317,
322, 369,440,94), infertility(9,35,38, 229,367), depression (94,107,222,271,294,212,229,233,285e,317,322,376,
453,35,40), schizohprenia (294,34,35), insomnia(35,94,212,222,271,317,322,376),
anger(212,233,102,35), anxiety & mental confusion (94,212,222, 229,233,271,317,322,440,453,35,57),
susceptability to infections (35,40,222,251, 317,349,350), antibiotic resistant
infection(251), endometriosis (229,35,38), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (8,35,60,212,293,229,222,
232,233,271, 313,317,323,368,369,375,376,440), tachycardia and heart problems
(205,35,59,94,115,212,222,232,233,271,306, 310, 212), memory disorders
(35,94,212,222,440,453), cancer(breast,etc./ leukemia( 35,38,94,180), neuropathy/paresthesia
(35,94,212,222,322), alopecia/hair loss (40,187,271,317,322,349),sinus
problems (35,40,94, 222,271,322), tinnitus(35,94,222,271,349,376), chronic
eye conditons: inflamation/iritis/ astigmetism/myopia /cataracts/macula
degeneration (35,222,271,322), vision disturbances(35,212,271,322), psoriasis(323,385,375,408,459),
skin conditions (212,222), urinary/prostrate problems(212,222), hearing
loss(102,35), candida(26,35,404,etc.), PMS(35,6,etc.) diabetes(35,etc.),
etc. The above over 60,000 cases of cure or significant improvements were
not isolated cases of cures; the clinical studies indicated a large majority
of most such type cases treated showed significant improvement. Details
available and case histories. Some of the above cases used chemical or
natural chelation to reduce accumulated mercury body burden in addtion
to amalgam replacement. Some clinics using DMPS for chelation reported
over 80% with chronic health problems were cured or significantly improved(222,271,359).
Other clinics reported similar success. But the recovery rate of those
using dentists with special equipment and training in protecting the patient
reported much higher succes rates than those with standard training and
equipment, 97% versis 37 to 88%(435). The Huggins TDR protocol includes
testing teeth with metal for level of galvanic current caused by the mixed
metals, and removal of the teeth with highest negative galvanic current
first(35). This has been found to improve recovery rate for chronic conditions
like epilepsy and autoimmune conditions. Metals are being pushed into the
body from negatively charged metal dental work with saliva as electrolyte
and the highest charged teeth lose the most metal to the body(35).
Clinical studies have found that patch testing is not a good predictor
of success of amalgam remvoal, as a high percentage of those testing negative
also recovered from chronic conditions after rplacement of fillings(86,87,168,etc.).
The Huggins Clinic using TDR has suceessfully treated over a thousand
patients with chronic autoimmune conditions like MS, Lupus, ALS, AD, diabetes,
etc.(35), including himself with the population of over 600(approx. 85%)
who experienced significant improvement in MS. In a large German study
of MS patients after amalgam revision, extraction resulted in 85% recovery
rate versis only 16% for filling replacement alone (222,302). Other cases
have found that recovery from serious autoimmune diseases, dementia, or
cancer may require more agressive mercury removal techniques than simple
filling replacement due to body burden. This appears to be due to migration
of mercury into roots & gums that is not eliminated by simple filling
replacement. That such mercury(and simiarly bacteria) in the teeth and
gums have direct routes to the brain and CNS has been documented by several
medical studies(34,325,etc.).
Among those with chronic immune system problems with related immune
antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody reductions
after amalgam removal include glomerular basal membrane, thyreeoglobulin,
and microsomal thyroid antigens(91). TDR and other measures used in metals
detox have been found to increase T-cells and immune function in AIDS patients(35).
Swedish researchers have developed a sophisticated test for immune/autoimmune
reactions that has proved sucessful in diagnosing and treating environmetally
caused diseases such as lichen planus, CFS,MS, etc. related to mercury
and other immunotoxics(60,313,etc.).
Interviews of a large population of Swedish patients that had amalgams
removed due to health problems found that virtually all reported significant
health improvements and that the health improvements were permanent(233).
(study period 17 years) A compilation of an even larger population found
similar results(212,282). For example 89% of those reporting allergies
had significant improvements or total elimination; extrapolated to U.S.
population this would represent over 17 million people who would benefit
regarding allergies alone.
VII. Tests for Mercury Level or Toxicity and Treatmenst
1. Feces is the major path of excretion of mercury from the body, having
a higher correlation to systemic body burden than urine or blood, which
tend to correlate with recent exposure level (35,36,79,80,183, 278). For
this reason many researchers consider feces to be the most reliable indicator
of daily exposure level to mercury or other toxics. The average level of
mercury in feces of those with fillings is over 1 ppm and approx. 10 times
that of a similar group without fillings (79,80,83,335,386,25,), with significant
numbers of those with several filings having over 10 ppm and 170 times
those without fillings(80). For those with several fillings daily fecal
mercury excretion levels range between 20 to 200 ug/day. The saliva test
is another good test for daily mercury exposure, done commonly in Europe
and representing one of the largest sources of mercury exposure.
There is only a weak correlation between blood or urine mercury levels
and body burden or level in a target organ(36,157,183,278,11,etc.). Mercury
vapor passes through the blood rapidly(half-life in blood is 10 seconds,
370) and accumulates in other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys,
liver, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc. Thus blood test measures mostly
recent exposure. As damage occurs to kidneys over time, mercury is less
efficiently eliminated (11,36,57,183, 216,260), so urine tests are not
reliable for body burden after long term exposure. Some researchers suggest
hair offers a better indicator of mercury body burden than blood or urine(279),
though still not totally reliable and may be a better indicator for organic
mercury than inorganic. In the early stages of mercury exposure before
major systemic damage other than slight fatigue results you usually see
high hemoglobin, hemocrit, alkatline phosphatase, and lactice dehydroganese;
in later states you usually see marginal hemoglobin, hemocrit, plus low
oxyhemoglobine(35).
Hair was found to be significantly correlated with fish consumption,
as well as with occupational dental exposure and to be a good medium for
monitoring internal mercury exposure, except that external occupational
exposure can also affect hair levels. Mercury hair level in a population
sampled in Madrid Spain ranged from 1.3 to 92.5 ppm. This study found a
significant positive correlation between maternal hair mercury and mercury
level in nursing infants. Hair mercury levels did not have a significant
correlation with urine mercury in one study(340) and did not have a significant
correlation to number of fillings(350). One researcher suggests that mercury
levels in hair of greater than 5 ppm are indicative of mercury intoxication.
A new test approved by the FDA for diagnosing damage that has been caused
by toxic metals like mercury is the fractionated porphyrin test(260,35),
that measures amount of damage as well as likely source. Mercury blocks
enzymes needed to convert some types of porphyrins to hemoglobin and adenosine
tri phosphate(ATP). The pattern of which porphyrins are high gives an indication
of likely toxic exposure, with high precoproporphyrin almost always high
with mercury toxicity and often coproporphyrin.
Provocation challenge tests after use of chemical chelators such as
DMPS or DMSA also are effective at measuring body burden(57,58), but DMPS
can be dangerous to some people- especially those still having amalgam
fillings or those allergic to sulfur drugs or sulfites. Many studies using
chemical chelators such as DMPS or DMSA have found post chelation levels
to be poorly correlated with prechelation blood or urine levels(57,115,303),
but one study (340) found a significant correlation between pre and post
chelation values when using DMPS. Challange tests using DMPS or DMSA appear
to have a better correlation with body burden and toxicity symptoms such
as concentration , memory, and motor deficits(290)- with many studies finding
a significant correration between post chelation mercury level and the
number of amalgam surfaces(57,172,173,222,290,292,273,303). Several doctors
use 16 ug/L as the upper bound for mercury after DMPS challange, and consider
anyone with higher levels to have excess body burdern(222,352). However
one study(290) found significant effects at lower levels. Some researchers
believe DMSA has less adverse side effects than DMPS and prefer to use
DMSA for chelation for this reason. Some studies have also found DMSA as
more effective at removing mercury from the brain(58). A common protocol
for DMSA(developed to avoid redistribution effects) is 50 mg orally every
4 hours for 3 days and then off 11 days.
Another chelator used for clogged arteries, EDTA, forms toxic compounds
with mercury and can damage brain function(307). Use of EDTA may need to
be restricted in those with high Hg levels. N-acetylcystein(NAC) has been
found to be effective at increasing cellular glutathione levels and chelating
mercury(54). Experienced doctors have also found additional zinc to be
useful when chelating mercury(222) as well as counteracting mercury's oxidative
damage(43). Zinc induces metallothionein which protects against oxidative
damage and increases protective enzyme activities and glutathione which
tend to inhibit lipid peroxidation and suppress mercury toxicity(430).
Also lipoic acid has been found to dramatically increase excretion of inorganic
mercury(over 12 fold), but to cause decreased excretion of organic mercury(54)
and copper. Lipoic acid has a protective effect regarding lead or inorganic
mercury toxicity through its antioxidant proprties, but should not be used
with high copper. Zinc is a mercury and copper antgonist and can be used
to lower copper levels and protect against mercury damage.
2. Tests suggested by Huggins/Levy(35) for evaluation and treatment
of mercury toxicity:
(a) hair element test(386) (low hair mercury level does not indicate
low body level)(more than 3 essential minerals out of normal range indicates
likely metals toxicity)
(b) CBC blood test with differential and platelet count
© blood serum profile
(d) urinary mercury (for person with average exposure with amalgam
fillings, average mercury level is 3 to 4 ppm; lower test level than this
likely means person is poor excretor and accumulating mercury, often mercury
toxic(35)
(e) fractionated porphyrin(note test results sensitive to light, temperature,
shaking)
(f) individual tooth electric currents(replace high negative current
teeth first)
(g) patient questionnaire on exposure and symptom history
(h) specific gravity of urine(test for pituitary function, s.g>1.022
normal; s.g.< 1.008 consistent with depression and suicidal tendancies(35)}
3. Note: during initial exposure to mercury the body marshalls immune
system and other measures totry to deal with the challange, so many test
indicators will be high; after prolonged exposure the body and immune system
inevitably lose the battle and measures to combat the challange decrease-
so some test indicator scores decline. Chronic conditions are common during
this phase. Also high mercury exposures with low hair mercury or urine
mercury level usually indicates body is retaining mercury and likely toxicity
problem(35). In such cases where (calcium> 1100 or < 300 ppm) and low
test mercury,manganese,zinc,potassium; mercury toxicity likely and hard
to treat since retaining mercury.
Test results indicating mercury/metals toxicity(35):
(a) white blood cell count >7500 or < 4500
(b) hemocrit > 50% or < 40%
© lynphocyte count > 2800 or < 1800
(d) blood protein level > 7.5 gm/100 ml
(e) triglycerides > 150 mg %ml
(f) BUN > 18 or < 12
(g) hair mercury > 1.5 ppm or < .4 ppm
(h) oxyhemoglobin level < 55% saturated
(I) carboxyhemoglubin > 2.5% saturated
(j) T lymphocyte count < 2000
(k) DNA damage/cancer
(l) TSH > 1 ug
(m) hair aluminum > 10 ppm
(n) hair nickel > 1.5 ppm
(o) hair manganese > 0.3 ppm
(p) immune reactive to mercury, nickel, aluminum, etc.
(q) high hemoglobin and hemocrit and high alkaline phosphatase(alk
phos) and lactic dehydrogenese(LDA) during initial phases of expsoure;
with low/marginal hemoglobin and hemocrit plus low oxyhemoglobin during
long term chronic fatigue phase.
4. Huggins Total Dental Revision Protocol(35):
(a) history questionnaire and panel of tests.
(b) replace amalgam fillings starting with filling with highest negative
current or highest negative quadrant, with supportive vitamin/mineral supplements.
© extract all root canaled teeth using proper finish protocol.
(d) test and treat cavitations and amalgam tattoos where relevant
(e) supportive supplementation, periodic monitoring tests, evaluate
need for further treatment(not usually needed).
(f) avoid acute exposures/challanges to the immune system on a weekly
7/14/21 day pattern.
note: after treatment of many cases of chronic autoimmune conditions
such as MS, ALS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, CFS, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
etc., it has been observed that often mercury along with root canal toxicity
or cavitation toxicity are major factors in these conditions, and most
with these condtions improve after TDR if protocol is followed carefully(35).
Other measures in addition to TDR that have been found to help in treatment
of MS in clinical experience are avoidance of milk products, get lots of
sunlight, supplementation of calcium AEP(448) and alpha lipoic acid(448b).
Progesterone creme has been found to promote regrowth of myelin sheaths
in animals(448c).
VIII. Health Effects from Dental Personnel Exposure to Mercury Vapor
1. It is well documented that dentists and dental personnel who work
with amalgam are chronically exposed to mercury vapor, which accumulates
in their bodies to much higher levels than for most non-occupationally
exposed. Adverse health effects of this exposure including subtle neurological
effects have also been well documented that affect most dentists and dental
assistants, with measurable effects among those in the lowest levels of
exposure. Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that
of controls for hair(397-401), urine(25d,57,64,69,99,123,124,138,171,173,222,249,290,362,397-399)
and for blood (124,195,253,249,397). Sweden, which has banned use of mercury
in fillings, is the country with the most exposure and health effects studies
regarding amalgam, and urine levels in dental professionals from Swedish
and European studies ranged from 0.8 to 30.1 ug/L with study averages from
3.7 to 6.2 ug/L (124,172,253,64,68). The Swedish safety guideline for mercury
in urine is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol(11.6 ug/L). Study averages for other countries
ranged from 3.3 to 36 microgram/liter(ug/L)(69,70,171,290,397). A large
survey of dentists at the Norwegian Dental Assoc. meeting(171) found that
the mean mercury level in 1986 was 7.8 ug/L with approx. 16% above 13.6ug/L,
and for 1987 found an average of 8.6 ug/L with approx. 15% above 15.8 ug/L,
with women having higher levels than men in general. A U.S. national sample
of dentists provided by the American Dental Association had an average
of 5.2 ug/L (70,290). In that large sample of dentists, 10% of dentists
had urine mercury levels over 10.4 ug/L and 1% had levels over 33.4ug/L(290,25c),
indicating daily exposure levels of over 100 ug/day. Mercury excretion
levels were found to have a positive correlation with the number of amalgams
placed or replaced per week, the number of amalgams polished each week,
and with the number of fillings in the dentist(171,172,173). In one study,
each filling was found to increase mercury in the urine approx. 3%, though
the relationship was nonlinear and increased more with larger number of
fillings(124). Much higher accumulated body burden levels in dental personnel
were found based on challenge tests than for controls(303), with excretion
levels after a dose of a chelator as high as 10 times the corresponding
levels for controls(57,69,290,303). Autopsy studies have found similar
high body accumulation in dental workers, with levels in pituitary gland
and thyroid over 10 times controls and levels in renal cortex 7 times controls(99,363,38).
Autopsies of former dental staff found levels of mercury in the pituitary
gland averaged as high as 4,040 ppb. They also found much higher levels
in the brain occipital cortex(as high as 300 ppb), renal cortex(as high
as 2110 ppb) and thyroid(as high as 28,000 ppb. In general dental assistants
and women dental workers showed higher levels of mercury than male dentists
(171,172,173,253,303,362).
Mercury levels in blood of dental professionals ranged from 0.6 to 57
ug/L, with study averages ranging from 1.34 to 9.8 ug/L (124,195,253,249).
A review of several studies of mercury level in hair or nails of dentists
and dental workers found median levels were 50 to 300% more than those
of controls(38, p287-288,& 10,16,178). A group of dental students taking
a course involving work with amalgam had their urine tested before and
after the course was over. The average urine level increased by 500% during
the course(63). Allergy tests given to another group of dental students
found 44% of them were allergic to mercury(156). Studies have found that
the longer time exposed, the more likely to be allergic. Another group
of dental students had similar results(362), while another group of dental
student showed comprimized immune systems compared to medical students.
The total lympocyte count, total T cell numbers(CD3), T helper/ inducer(CD4+CD8-),
and T suppressor/cytotoxic(CD4-CD8+) numbers were singinficantly elevated
in the dental students compared to the matched control group(408). Similar
results have been seen in other studies as well(408).
Urinary porphyrin profiles were found to be an excellent biomarker of
level of body mercury level and mercury damage neurological effects, with
coprorphyrin significantly higher in those with higher mercury exposure
and urine levels(70,260). Coproporphyrin levels have a higher correlation
with symptoms and body mercury levels as tested by challenge test(69,303),
but care should be taken regarding challenge tests as the high levels of
mercury released can cause serious health effects in some, especially those
who still have amalgam fillings or high accumulations of mercury. Screening
test that are less burdensome and less expensive are now available as first
morning void urine samples have been found to be highly correlations to
24 hour urine test for mercury level or porphyrins(73).
2. The average dental office exposure affects the body mercury level
at least as much as the workers on fillings(57,64,69,123,138,171,173,303),
with several studies finding levels approximately the same as having 19
amalgam fillings(123,124,173). Many surveys have been made of office exposure
levels(1,6,7,10, etc.) The level of mercury at breathing point in offices
measured ranged form 0.7 to over 300 micrograms per cubic meter(ug/M3)
(120,172,253,249). The average levels in offices with reasonable controls
ranged from 1.5 to 3.6 ug/M3, but even in Sweden which has had more office
environmental controls than others spot levels of over 150 ug/M3 were found
in 8 offices(172). Another study found spot readings as high as 200 ug/M3
in offices with few controls that only used saliva extractor(120). OSHA
surveys find 6-16% of U.S. dental offices exceed the OSHA dental office
standard of 50 ug/M3, and residual levels in equipment sterilizers often
exceed this level(454). The U.S. ATSDR mercury vapor exposure MRL for chronic
exposure is much lower, 0.2 ug/M3 (217) (giving approx. 4 ug/day exposure),
similar to U.S. EPA and Health Canada guidelines(2,209). Thus most office
mercury levels were found to far exceed the U.S. guidelines for chronic
mercury exposure.
Use of high speed drill in removal or replacement has been found to
create high volume of mercury vapor and respirable particles, and dental
masks to only filter out about 40 % of such particles(219,247). This produces
high levels of exposure to patient and dental staff. Use of water spray,
high velocity evacuation and rubber dam reduce exposure to patient and
dental staff significantly, as seen in previous discussion. In addition
to these measures researchers also advise all dental staff should wear
face masks and patients be supplied with outside air(120,153). Some studies
note that carpeting in dental offices should be avoided as it is a major
repository of mercury(188,7)
Use of such measures along with a Clean-UpTM aspirator tip was found
to reduce exposure to patient and staff approximately 90%(397).
3. Dentists were found to score significantly worse than a comparable
control group on neurobehavioral tests of motor speed, visual scanning,and
visuomotor coordination(69,70,123,249,290,395,1b), concentration , verbal
memory, visual memory(68,69,70,249,290,395,1b), and emotional/mood tests(70,249,290,395,1b).
Test performance was found to be proportional to exposure/body levels of
mercury(68,70,249,290,395,1b). Significant adverse neurobehavioral effects
were found even for dental personnel receiving low exposure levels(less
than 4 ug/l Hg in urine)(290). This study was for dental personnel having
mercury excretion levels below the 10th percentile of the overall dental
population. Such levels are also common among the general population of
non- dental personnel with several fillings. This study used a new methodology
which used standard urine mercury levels as a measure of recent exposure,
and urine levels after chelation with a chemical, DMPS, to measure body
burden mercury levels. Thirty percent of dentists with more than average
exposure were found to have neuropathies and visuogrphic dysfunction(395).
Chelators like DMPS have been found after a fast to release mercury
from cells in tissue to be available for excretion. This method was found
to give enhanced precision and power to the results of the tests and correlations.
Even at the low levels of exposure of the subjects of this study, there
were clear demonstrated differences in test scores involving memory, mood,
and motor skills related to the level of exposure pre and post chelation(290).
Those with higher levels of mercury had deficits in both memory, mood,
and motor function compared to those with lower exposure levels. And the
plotted test results gave no indication of there existing a theshhold below
effects were not measurable. Mood scores including anger were found to
correlate more strongly with pre chelation urine mercury levels; while
toxicity symptoms, concentration, memory(vocabulary,word), and motor function
correlated more strongly with post-chelation mercury levels.
Several dentists have been documented to suffer from mercury poisoning(72,74,193,246,247,248,369),
other than the documented neurological effects. One of the common effects
of chronic mercury exposure is chronic fatigue due to immune system overload
and activation. Many studies have found this occurs frequently in dentists
and dental staff along with other related symtoms- lack of ability to concentrate,
chronic muscular pain, burnout, etc.(249,369,377,378,1b). In a group of
dentists and dental workers suffering from extreme fatigue and tested by
the immune test MELISA, 50% had autoimmune reaction to inorganic mercury
and immune reactions to other metals used in dentistry were also common(369).
Tests of controls did not find such immune reactions common.
In another study nearly 50 % of dental staff in a group tested had positive
autoimmune ANA titers compared to less than 1 % of the general population(35).
One dentist with severe symptoms similar to ALS improved after treatment
for mercury poisoning(246), and another with Parkinson's disease recovered
after reduction of exposure and chelation(248). Similar cases among those
with other occupational exposure have been seen. A survey of over 60,000
U.S. dentists and dental assistants with chronic exposure to mercury vapor
and anesthetics found increased health problems compared to controls, including
significantly higher liver, kidney, and neurological diseases(99,193).
Other studies reviewed found increased rates of brain cancer and allergies(99,193).
Swedish male dentists were found to have an elevated standardized mortality
ratio compared to other male academic groups(284). Dental workers and other
workers exposed to mercury vapor were found to have a shortening of visual
evoked potential latency and a decrease in amplitude, with magnitudes correlated
with urine excretion levels(190). Dentists were also found to have a high
incidence of radicular muscular neuralgia and peripheral sensory degradation(190,395).
4. Both dental hygienists and patients get high doses of mercury vapor
when dental hygienists polish or use ultrasonic scalers on amalgam surfaces(240,400).
Pregnant women or pregnant hygienist especially should avoid these practices
during pregnancy or while nursing since maternal mercury exposure has been
shown to affect the fetus and to be related to birth defects, SIDS, etc.(10,23,31c,37,38,110,142,146,401,19,31).
Amalgam has been shown to be the main source of mercury in most infants
and breast milk, which often contain higher mercury levels than in the
mother's blood (20,61,112,186,287). Because of high documented exposure
levels when amalgam fillings are brushed(182,222,348) dental hygienist
are advised not to polish dental amalgams when cleaning teeth. Face masks
worn by dental workers filter out only about 40% of small dislodged amalgam
particles from drilling or polishing, and very little mercury vapor(247).
Dental staff have been found to have significantly higher prevalence of
eye problems, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact urticaria(247,156,74).
An epidemiological survey conducted in Lithuania on women working in
dental offices(where Hg concentrations were < 80 ug/M3) had increased
incidence of spontaneous abortions and breast pathologies that were directly
related to the length of time on the job(277a). A large U.S. survey also
found higher spontaneous abortion rate among dental assistants and wives
of dentists(193), and another study found an increased risk of spontaneous
abortions and other pregnancy complications among women working in dental
surguries(277b). A study of dentist and dental assistants in the Netherlands
found 50% higher rates of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital
defects than for the control group(394), with unusually high occurance
of spina bifida.
A study in Poland also found a significant positive association between
mercury levels and occurrence of reproductive failures and menstrual cycle
disorders, and concluded dental work to be an occupational hazard with
respect to reproductive processes(401).
5. Body burden increases with time and older dentists have median mercury
urine levels about 4 times those of controls, as well as higher brain and
body burdens(1,34, 68-74,99), and poor performance on memory tests(68,
69,70,249,290) Some older dentists have mercury levels in some parts of
the brain as much as 80 times higher than normal levels(14,34,99). Dentists
and dental personnel experience significantly higher levels of neurological,
memory, musculoskeletal, visiomotor, mood, and behavioral problems, which
increase with years of exposure (1,34,68-73,88,123,188,246,247,248,249,290,369,395).
Even dental personnel with relatively low exposure(urine Hg<4 ug/l)
were found to have significant neurological effects(290) and was found
to be correlated with body burden of mercury. Most studies find dentists
have increased levels of irritability and tension(1), high rates of drug
dependancy and disability due to psychological problems(15,1b), and higher
suicide rates than the general white population (284,1b), but one study
found rates in same range as doctors.
6. Female dental technicians who work with amalgam tend to have increased
menstrual disturbances (275,401,10,38), significantly reduced fertility
and lowered probability of conception (10,24,38,121), increased spontaneous
abortions (10,31,38,277,433), and their children have significantly lower
average IQ compared to the general population (1,279,38,110). Populations
with only slightly increased levels of mercury in hair had decreases in
academic ability(3). Effects are directly related to length of time on
the job(277). The level of mercury excreted in urine is significantly higher
for female dental assistants than dentists due to biological factors (171,172,173,247,124a).
Several dental assistants have been diagnosed with mercury toxicity and
some have died of related health effects(32,245,246,247,248). From the
medical register of births since 1967 in Norway, it can be seen that dental
nurse/assistants have a clearly increased risk of having a deformed child
or spontaneous abortion(433). Female dentists have increased rates of spontaneous
abortion and perinatal mortality (193,38,10,433)),compared to controls.
A study in Poland found a much higher incidence of birth defects among
female dentist and dental assistants than normal(10). A chronically ill
dental nurse diagnosed with mercury sensitivity recovered after replacement
of fillings and changing jobs(60), and a female dentist recovered from
Parkinson's after mercury detox(248). Some studies have found increased
risk of lung, kidney, brain, and CNS system cancers among dental workers(14,34,99,143,283).
7. Many homes of dentists have been found to have high levels of mercury
contamination used by dentists bringing mercury home on shoes and clothes(188).
IX. Scientists and Government Panels or Bodies That Have Found Amalgam
Fillings to be Unsafe.
1. A World Health Organization Scientific Panel concluded that there
is no safe level of mercury exposure(183,189,208). The Chairman of the
panel, Lars Friberg stated that "dental amalgam is not safe for everyone
to use(208,238). A study of dental personnel having very low levels of
mercury excretion found measurable neurological effects including memory,
mood, and motor function related to mercury exposure level as measured
by excretion levels(290). and found no threshhold level below which effects
were not measurable.. Other studies have found measurable effects to the
immune, cardiovascular, hormonal, and reproductive systems from common
levels of exposure(Section IV). Studies have found significant measurable
adverse health effects at levels far below current government regulatory
levels for mercury(290).
2. In 1987 the Federal Dept. of Health in Germany issued an advisory
warning against use of dental amalgam in pregnant women(61). Most major
countries other than the U.S. have similar or more extensive bans or health
warnings regarding the use of amalgam, including Canada, Great Britain,
France, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, etc.(164,435)
A Swedish National Mercury Amalgam Review Panel and a similar Norwegian
panel found that "from a toxicological point of view, mercury is too toxic
to use as a filling material"(164,435). Both countries have indicated plans
to ban or phase out use of amalgam. A major amalgam manufacturer, Caulk
Inc., advises that amalgam should not be used as a base for crowns or for
retrograde root fillings as is commonly done in some coutries(387). A Swedish
medical panel unanimously recommended to the government "discontinuing
the use of amalgam as a dental material"(282). The U.S. EPA found that
removed amalgam fillings are hazardous and must be sealed airtight and
exposed of as hazardous waste(214). Most European countries require controls
on dental waste amalgam emissions to sewers or air. A Canadian Government
study for Health Canada concluded that any person with any number of amalgam
fillings receives exposure beyond that recommended by the USPHS Standard(209).
Many of those researching amalgam related health effects including several
very prominent scientists have concluded that the health effects are widespread
and serious so that mercury should not be used as a filling material (1,18,19,20,
36,38,57,60,61,88,94,99,125,148, 153,164,170,183,208, 209,210,212,222,
227,236, 238,282).
3. The Legislature of the State of California passed a law, Proposition
65, that requires all dentists in the state to discuss the safety of dental
materials with all patients and to post the following warning about use
of amalgam on the wall of their office:
"This office uses amalgam filling materials which contain and
expose you to a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth
defects and other reproductive harm".
4. The use of mercury amalgams has been banned for children and women
of child-bearing age or put on a schedule for phase out by several European
countries. The use of amalgam is declining in Europe and Germany's largest
producer of amalgam has ceased production, The director of the U.S. Federal
program overseeing dental safety advises against using mercury amalgam
for new fillings.
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